HOME..... Maybe

I'm back in Malaysia for about a week now. I was sad to leave, but I'll get over it...... someday. I'm not really enjoying myself because I'm very worried about starting school next month. Weather here is terrible.It is HOT!!!! I feel so sticky every time I go out. I need air conditioning!!!! So, I arrived in Kuching last night. We were suppose to reach at 8.25 pm, but we reached at approx. 10.10pm because of the delay.

Btw, IS ANYONE READING MY BLOG?!?!?!?!

Anyway, so we came back last night and the friends and relatives who picked us from the airport ate some food my Grandma made. After they left, we were all sitting in the living room and we heard my Dad hitting something in the kitchen. Our conversation as following:

Me: What is Daddy hitting?

Grandma: I think he is hitting the lizard. The other day, I saw this big lizard in the kitchen. It was this long.

(She shows how long)

WHAM! WHAM! WHAM! WHAM!

(Daddy comes in the living room)

Daddy: Ma, do you know there's a mouse in the kitchen?

(My Grandma and Daddy goes to the kitchen with my Mom tagging behind)

Mommy: Close that door so it doesn't come out. Where is it? Is it in the small kitchen or the big one?

I DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPEN NEXT, BUT MY DAD WENT IN THE OFFICE( with his weapons{broom} of course.

(Grandma standing next to the window, watching)

Mommy: Close that window! After the mouse come out.

(I wanted to look so I stood on a chair in front of the window)

Daddy: Where did the mouse go? I can't find it.

(Daddy looking behind the curtain, etc)

[After looking around for a few more seconds, he finally opened the door.............

AND THE MOUSE CAME RUNNING OUT!!!!!!!]

(I jumped on the table and scream. I could hear my mother screaming. I think my Grandma was screaming too, but she wasn't as scared as Mom and I)

The mouse ran all the way out of the door

According to JD, my brother,
"She came and hug me"

Me: Could you be more specific?

JD: I was reading the newspaper when I suddenly looked up, and saw my Mom running towards me. Then I stood up and she hugged me.

THAT'S ALL

We came to the conclusion that the mouse came in when my brother and I opened the back door when we wanted to see our dog.

A sign that our intelligent dog knew the mouse was in the house:

- She wouldn't stop barking and my brother was scolding her


That's it for now......


Back in Malaysia,
ME!!!! DUH!

Hi guys. sorry I've haven't been blogging for a long time. Can't blame me. :P I have a secret, but i won't tell anyone!

07/13/09

I hopefully will always remember this date. I lost my companion whom I had for years. Just so you know, I’m talking about my hair so you don’t get the wrong idea. I cut my hair around 2 p.m. (5 p.m. Malaysian time). I had approximately 32 inches, I cut…. My Mom cut 20- 21 inches. Do the math to figure out how short my hair is now. I donated my hair to a place in America that makes wigs for people who had cancer via an American going back to the States. Can't really get use to my hair!

Sorry for the really late update, I abandoned my blog. : P

It is now summer!! Hot, hot, hot!! Wonder why I looked forward to summer- maybe because we get about two and a half months of summer. I have been reading, but not too much. Not as much as last year.

Let’s see,

- Went to the beach
- Stayed at the school for 3 night caused the principle went camping
- Went to sleepovers
- Had internet problems- couldn’t dial up. Figure someone was doing something to our phone
- Watch movies almost the entire day
And many more. Just can’t think of them.


I have a big surprise!!
Not going to tell anybody!

Long time

Hey guys. Sorry I didn’t update my blog for a very very VERY long time. So I am doing it now. First of all, school is almost ending and I’ll be in the seventh grade after summer!!!! What should I say? For PE now, since our PE teacher went to America, we are learning Scottish dances. It so awesomely fun!! We just had our lock- out!! It was awesome!! The curfew was 12 midnight but we have to be asleep by 1am. Hannah and I didn’t really sleep because we heard the boy outside the girls’ tent!! We tried to go outside but instead of unzipping the door, Hannah accidentally unzipped the window which was above the door. Then, the boys probably ran back to their tent! We never caught them. Then the girls woke up at 6 am. We put their shoes in a very creative manner. Then we went back to sleep except me cause I couldn’t sleep. Anyway, I was the one who woke them up! Then I tried to wake Alexy at 7am cause we were going to collapse the boys’ tent, but she went back to sleep. That’s it for now because I have to go do my Topic test which I have to do a PowerPoint! And also, our end of the month activity is we are going to Aqua Park!!! Awesome!! Oh yea, a couple of weeks ago we had a Variety Show! It was a big success!!!! We had a Junior Talent Show on Friday. It was good except it was only like 20 minutes long!!!! So that’s it!!! I have to go do my PowerPoint soon because it is due on Monday and I’ll never get it done!

Spring break

Speeches!!! I'm not in the finals but my bro is. Spring break for 2 weeks!! tomorrow last day of school and then spring break!! So much homework during spring break I bet. I have to memerize a 20- line poem!!! I really wanted to go to the speech finals!!

update

Hi guyz. I know dat I haven’t update my blog for a VERY VERY LONG TIME!!!! Well, nothing much’s happening. It’s going into spring soon. Getting ready for speeches. I really wanna go to the finals but cannot for some reasons. 1- 1 of my classmate’s doin d same thing as me. She was suppose to do sumthing else. Copycat!! Next, my bro gave her sis 1 of my visual aid!! Girls have basketball game tomorrow. Gud thing I can go. We’ll doin the 1950’s to 1990’s for Topic. So we dress up every week. We also have drama. I think dat’s bout it. Oh ya, yesterday was my me n my family’s 1st year over here.

hi guyz. Sorry I haven't updated my blog for quite a while. Kinda busy wif sch etc. ANyway, Happy New Years Guyz........ Busy reading books. I'm recently reading Brisingr by Christopher Paolini. Read d first, Eragon n d second book, Eldest. Good books. Almost done wif BRisingr.

Hi guyz.

Happy CNY everybody!



Happy Birthday Elaine!!!! (When was ur b-day? Sry. Forgot la..)

Too bad I'm nt der 2 bash u up AGAIN!! haha

Jokes

A Letter From From His Mum in India


To My Dear Jagjit,
> >
> >
> >
> >I am in a well here and hoping you are also in a well there. I'm writing
> >this letter slowly, because I know you cannot read fast.
> >
> >
> >
> >We are not living where we did when you left home. Your dad read in the
> >newspaper that most accidents happen 20 miles from home, so we moved 20
> >miles.
> >
> >
> >
> >I am not able to send the address, as the last Sardar who stayed here took
> >the house numbers with them for their new house so they would not have to
> >change their address. Hopefully by next week we will be able to take our
> >earlier address plate here, and that our address will remain same too.
> >
> >
> >
> >This place is really nice. It even has a washing machine, situated right
> >above the toilet. But I'm not sure it works too well. Last week I put in 3
> >shirts, pulled the chain, and haven't seen the shirts ever since.
> >
> >
> >
> >The weather here isn't too bad. It rained only twice last week. The first
> >time it rained for 3 days and second time for 4 days.
> >
> >
> >
> >The coat you wanted me to send you, your Aunt said it would be a little too
> >heavy to send in the mail with all the metal buttons, so we cut them off
> >and
> >put them in the pocket.
> >
> >
> >
> >Your father has another job. He has 500 men under him. He is cutting the
> >grass at the cemetery.
> >
> >
> >
> >By the way, I took Bahu to our club's poolside. The manager is Badmash. He
> >told her that two piece swimming suit is not allowed in his club. We were
> >confused as to which piece we should remove?
> >
> >
> >
> >Your sister had a baby this morning. I haven't found out whether it is a
> >girl or a boy, so I don't know whether you are an Aunt or Uncle.
> >
> >
> >
> >Your uncle, Jetinder fell in the nearby well. Some men tried to pull him
> >out, but he fought them off bravely and drowned. We cremated him and he
> >burned for three days.
> >
> >
> >
> >Your best friend, Balwinder, is no more. He died trying to fulfill his
> >father's last wishes. His father had wished to be buried in the sea after
> >he
> >died. And your friend died while in the process of digging a grave for his
> >father.
> >
> >
> >
> >There isn't much more news this time. Nothing much has happened.
> >
> >
> >
> >Love,
> >
> >Mom.
> >
> >
> >
> >P.S: Jagjit, I was going to send you some money but by the time I realized,
> >I had already sealed off this letter.


LIFE ......


On the first day, God created the dog and said:

"Sit all day by the door of your house and bark at
anyone who comes in or walks past.? For this, I will
give you a life span of twenty years."



The dog said:
"That's a long time to be barking.? How about only
ten years and I'll give you back the other ten?"

So God agreed.
______________________________________________________
On the second day, God created the monkey and said:



"Entertain people, do tricks, and make them laugh.
For this, I'll give you a twenty-year life span."

The monkey said:
"Monkey tricks for twenty years?? That's a pretty
long time to perform.? How about I give you back ten
like the Dog did?"



And God agreed.
______________________________________________________

On the third day, God created the cow and said:

"You must go into the field with the farmer all day
long and suffer under the sun, have calves and give
milk to support the farmer's family.? For this, I will
give you a life span of sixty years."

The cow said:

"That's kind of a tough life you want me to live
for sixty years.? How about twenty and I'll give back
the other forty?"

And God agreed again.
______________________________________________________

On the fourth day, God created man and said:

"Eat, sleep, play, marry and enjoy? your life.? For
this, I'll give you twenty years."

But man said:

"Only twenty years?? Could you possibly give me my
twenty, the forty the cow gave back, the ten the
monkey gave back, and the ten the dog gave back; that
makes eighty, okay?"



"Okay," said God, "You asked for it."
______________________________________________________

So that is why the first twenty years we eat,
sleep, play and enjoy ourselves. For the next forty
years we slave in the sun to support our family. For
the next ten years we do monkey tricks to entertain
the grandchildren. And for the last ten years we sit
on the front porch and bark at everyone.



28 + 4 ways to know if you're Chinese
> >>
> >> 1. You unwrap gifts very carefully, so you can save
> >> and reuse the wrapping (and especially those
> >> ribbons).
> >>
> >> 2. When there is a sale on toilet paper, you buy
> >> 100 rolls and store them in your closet or in the
> >> bedroom of an adult child who has move out.
> >>
> >> 3. You keep a Thermos of hot water available at all
> >> times.
> >>
> >> 4. You save grocery bags, tin foil, and tin
> >> containers. You use the grocery bags to hold
> >> garbage.
> >>
> >> 5. You hate to waste food
> >> a ) Even if you're totally full, if someone says
> >> they're going to throw away the leftovers on the
> >> table, you'll finish them.
> >> (Your mom will give a lecture about starving kids
> >> in Africa)
> >> b ) You have Tupperware in your fridge with three
> >> bites of rice or one leftover chicken wing.
> >>
> >> 6. You don't own any real Tupperware-only a
> >> cupboard full of used but carefully rinsed margarine
> >> tubs, take out containers, and jam jars.
> >>
> >> 7. You have a collection of miniature shampoo
> >> bottles that you take every time you stay in a
> >> hotel.
> >>
> >> 8. You wipe your plate and utensils or wash them in
> >> a small basin of hot water before you eat every time
> >> you go to a restaurant.
> >>
> >> 9. You own a rice cooker and a slow cooker.
> >>
> >> 10. You wash your rice at least 2-3 times before
> >> cooking it.
> >>
> >> 11. You fight (literally) over who pays the dinner
> >> bill.
> >>
> >> 12. You have a teacup with a cover on it.
> >>
> >> 13. If you're under age 20, you own a really
> >> expensive walkman if you're over 20, you own a
> >> really expensive camera.
> >>
> >> 14. You're a wok user.
> >>
> >> 15. You only make long distance calls after 7pm.
> >>
> >> 16. You prefer your shrimp with the heads and legs
> >> still attached-it
> >> means they're fresh.
> >>
> >> 17. You never call your parents just to say hi.
> >>
> >> 18. If you don't live at home, when your parents
> >> call, they'll ask if you've eaten, even if it's
> >> midnight.
> >>
> >> 19. Your parents tell you to boil herbs and stay
> >> inside when you get sick. They also tell you not to
> >> eat fried foods or baked goods because they're heaty
> >> (yeet hay in Cantonese).
> >>
> >> 20. You e-mail your Chinese friends at work, even
> >> though you only sit 10 feet apart.
> >>
> >> 21. You always cook too much.
> >>
> >> 22. You eat every last grain of rice in your bowl,
> >> but don't eat the last piece of food on the table.
> >>
> >> 23. You starve yourself before going to all you can
> >> eat buffet.
> >>
> >> 24. You know someone who can get you a good deal on
> >> jewelry or electronics, computers.
> >>
> >> 25. You own your own meat cleaver and sharpen it.
> >>
> >> 26. Your toothpaste tubes are all squeezed
> >> paper-thin.
> >>
> >> 27. You know why this list consists of only
> >> "28"reasons.
> >>
> >> 28. You take this message and forward it to all
> >> your Chinese friends.
> >>
> >> -----------------------------------------
> >> There are four more indications that you need to
> >> add 8-)
> >>
> >> *29 You wrap with napkins all the knives, spoons
> >> and forks of the airline that you fly on and put in
> >> your travelbag as souvenirs
> >>
> >> *30 You never forget to take with you all the
> >> unused bath and facial tissues when you check out
> >> from the hotel because you beieve that you have paid
> >> its all.
> >>
> >> *31 You will laugh at yourself when you read all of
> >> them
> >>
> >> *32 And you will always proud because you're
> >> chinese
> >>
> >


TOP TEN THINGS TO SAY ABOUT A CHRISTMAS GIFT YOU DON'T LIKE

10. Hey! There's a gift!

9. Well, well, well ...

8. Boy, if I had not recently shot up 4 sizes that would've fit.

7. This is perfect for wearing around the basement.

6. Gosh. I hope this never catches fire! It is fire season though. There are lots of unexplained fires.

5. If the dog buries it, I'll be furious!

4. I love it -- but I fear the jealousy it will inspire.

3. Sadly, tomorrow I enter the Federal Witness Protection Program.

2. To think -- I got this the year I vowed to give all my gifts to charity.

1. "I really don't deserve this."


SUN - *Sunday School Lesson #1*

A Sunday School teacher challenged her children to take some time on Sunday
afternoon to write a letter to God.
They were to bring their letter back the following Sunday.

One little boy wrote, "Dear God, We had a good time at church today. Wish
you could have been there."

*Sunday School Lesson #2*

The same Sunday school teacher was telling her class the story of the Good
Samaritan, in which a man was beaten, robbed and left for dead.

She described the situation in vivid detail so her students would catch the
drama.

Then she asked the class, "If you saw a person lying on the roadside all
wounded and bleeding, what would you do?"

Jenny, a thoughtful little girl broke the hushed silence, "I think I'd
vomit!"


MON - Jill had to grab a cab to get to a meeting uptown. She hailed one
down, got in, and told the cabbie the address she needed. The cabbie turned
out to be a lunatic driver, and Jill sat in the backseat clutching the door
handle wondering if she could expect to survive this trip. The cabdriver
sped through the crowded NYC streets, weaving in and out of traffic. Jill
watched as one pedestrian after another leapt aside to avoid being run down
by her lunatic driver.

Jill looked ahead and saw a truck double parked on the narrow street. Not
only did the driver fail to slow down, he actually accelerated as he
approached the truck. He slipped his cab through the available space with an
inch or two to spare on either side.

"Driver," Jill screamed, "Are you crazy? Are you trying to get us both
killed?"

"Relax, Lady," he said. "Just do what I do. Close your eyes."



TUES - One day a professor was giving a big test to his students. He handed
out all of the tests and went back to his desk to wait. Once the test was
over, the students all handed the tests back in.

The professor noticed that one of the students had attached a $100 bill to
his test with a note saying "A dollar per point."

The next class the professor handed the tests back out.

This student got back his test and $64 change.


WED - A couple of opposing candidates for county office happened to be
sitting next to each other in the local diner...

One turned to the other and said, "You know why I'm going to win this
election? Because of my 'personal touch.' For example, I always tip
waitresses really well and then ask them to vote for me."

"Oh, is that so?" replied the other. "I always tip them a nickel and ask
them to vote for you."

THUR - Mister, why doesn't this cow have any horns?" asked the young lady
from a nearby city.

The farmer cocked his head for a moment, then began in a patient tone,
"Well, ma'am, cattle can do a powerful lot of damage with horns. Sometimes
we keep'em trimmed down with a hacksaw. Other times we can fix up the young
'uns by puttin' a couple drops of acid where their horns would grow in, and
that stops 'em cold. Still, there are some breeds of cattle that never grow
horns. But the reason this cow don't have no horns, ma'am, is 'cause it's a
horse."

FRI - While my friend was working as a receptionist for an eye surgeon, a
very angry woman stormed up to her desk..
"Someone stole my wig while I was having surgery yesterday," she complained.

The doctor came out and tried to calm her down. "I assure you that no one on
my staff would have done such a thing," he said. "Why do you think it was
taken here?"

"After the operation, I noticed the wig I was wearing was cheap-looking and
ugly."

"I think" explained the surgeon gently, "that means your cataract operation
was a success."


SAT - An applicant was filling out a job application. When he came to the
question, "Have you ever been arrested?" he wrote, "No."

The next question, intended for people who had answered in the affirmative
to the previous question, was "Why?"


IF YOU LIKE TO HAVE A GOOD LAUGH, READ ON...
This is a good joke in Bahasa Melayu!


Murid-murid: Selamat pagi, cikgu.
Cikgu : (Menengking) Mengapa selamat pagi sahaja? Petang dan malam awak doakan saya tak
selamat?
Murid-murid: Selamat pagi, petang dan malam cikgu!
Cikgu : Panjang sangat! Tak pernah dibuat oleh orang! Kata selamat sejahtera! Senang dan
penuh bermakna. Lagipun ucapan ini meliputi semua masa dan keadaan.
Murid-murid: Selamat sejahtera cikgu!
Cikgu : Sama-sama, duduk! Dengar sini baik-baik.Hari ini cikgu nak uji kamu semua tentang
perkataan berlawan. Bila cikgu sebutkan perkataannya,kamu semua mesti menjawab
dengan cepat, lawan bagi perkataan-perkataan itu, faham?
Murid-murid: Faham, cikgu!
Cikgu : Saya tak mahu ada apa-apa gangguan.
Murid-murid: (senyap)
Cikgu : Pandai!
Murid-murid: Bodoh!
Cikgu : Tinggi!
Murid-murid: Rendah!
Cikgu : Jauh!
Murid-murid: Dekat!
Cikgu : Keadilan!
Murid-murid: UMNO!
Cikgu : Salah!
Murid-murid: Betul!
Cikgu : Bodoh!
Murid-murid: Pandai!
Cikgu : Bukan!
Murid-murid: Ya!
Cikgu : Oh Tuhan!
Murid-murid: Oh Hamba!
Cikgu : Dengar ini!
Murid-murid: Dengar itu!
Cikgu : Diam!
Murid-murid: Bising!
Cikgu : Itu bukan pertanyaan, bodoh!
Murid-murid: Ini ialah jawapan, pandai!
Cikgu : Mati aku!
Murid-murid: Hidup kami!
Cikgu : Rotan baru tau!
Murid-murid: Akar lama tak tau!
Cikgu : Malas aku ajar kamu!
Murid-murid: Rajin kami belajar cikgu!
Cikgu : Kamu gila!
Murid-murid: Kami siuman!
Cikgu : Cukup! Cukup!
Murid-murid: Kurang! Kurang!
Cikgu : Sudah! Sudah!
Murid-murid: Belum! Belum!
Cikgu : Mengapa kamu semua bodoh sangat?
Murid-murid: Sebab saya seorang pandai!
Cikgu : Oh! Melawan!
Murid-murid: Oh! Mengalah!
Cikgu : Kurang ajar!
Murid-murid: Cukup ajar!
Cikgu : Habis aku!
Murid-murid: Kekal kami!
Cikgu : O.K. Pelajaran sudah habis!
Murid-murid: K.O. Pelajaran belum bermula!
Cikgu : Sudah, bodoh!
Murid-murid: Belum, pandai!
Cikgu : Berdiri!
Murid-murid: Duduk!
Cikgu : Saya kata UMNO salah!
Murid-murid: Kami dengar KeADILan betul!
Cikgu : Bangang kamu ni!
Murid-murid: Cerdik kami tu!
Cikgu : Rosak!
Murid-murid: Baik!
Cikgu : Kamu semua ditahan tengah hari ini!
Murid-murid: Dilepaskan tengah malam itu!
Cikgu : (Senyap dan mengambil buku-bukunya keluar.)

Sebentar kemudian, loceng pun berdering. Murid-murid berasa
lega kerana guru yang paling ditakuti oleh mereka telah keluar. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka merasa bangga kerana telah dapat menjawab kesemua soalan cikgu tadi, tetapi esok masih ada. Cikgu itu pasti akan datang lagi.....

An innovative delivery method, the Singaporean Chinese way...forget about DHL, UPS or FedEx!!! A family in Singapore, were puzzled when the coffin of their dead grandmother arrived from the States. It was sent by one of the daughters. The dead body was so tightly squeezed inside the coffin, with no space left in it! When they opened the lid, they found a letter on top; which read as follows.

Dear Cousins,
I am sending Ahma body to you since it was her wish that she should be cremated in the compound of our ancestral home in Tung Shin. Sorry, I could not come along as all of my paid leaves are consumed.You will find inside the coffin, under Ahma's body, 12 cans of Yohmeitsu, 10 packets of Swiss chocolates and packets of Chinatown Lap Cheong. Please divide these among all of you. On Ahma's feet you will find a new pair of Nike Air shoes (size 10) for Ah boy. Also, there are 2 pairs of shoes for Ah Mei's and Ah Lien's sons. Hope the sizes are correct. Ahma is wearing 6 CK T-Shirts. The large size is for Ah Bak and the others are for my nephews. Just distribute them among yourselves. The 2 new Armani Jeans that Ahma is wearing are for the boys. The Rolex watch that Lee Ah Bai wanted is on Ahma's left wrist. Kiasu Aunty Pei Pei, Ahma is wearing the Tiffany necklace, earrings and ring that you asked for. Please take them. The 6 white Polo cotton socks that Ahma is wearing must be divided among my teenage cousins. Let me know what else you need as Ah Kong is also not keeping well nowadays. I can send all required things when our Ah Kong goes back too............


One day a Florist goes for a haircut. After the cut, he goes to pay
the Barber and the Barber replies: 'I am Sorry, I cannot accept
money from you; I am doing a Community Service'. The Florist is
happy and leaves the shop.

The next morning when the Barber goes to open his shop, there is a
Thank you Card and a dozen roses waiting at his door.

A Cop goes for a haircut and he also goes to pay the Barber and the
barber replies: 'I am Sorry, I cannot accept money from you; I am
doing a Community Service'.

The Cop is happy and leaves the shop. The next morning when the
Barber goes to open his shop, there is a Thank you Card and a dozen
Donuts waiting at his door.

A Singaporean guy goes for a haircut and he also goes to pay the
Barber and the barber replies: 'I am Sorry, I cannot accept money
from you. I am doing a Community Service'.

The Singaporean guy is of course very happy and leaves
the shop. The next morning when the Barber goes to open his shop,
guess what he finds there.....?

A dozen Singaporeans waiting for a free haircut...

Btw, I had my 1st snowball fight!! It snowed today!! Heavier than d other time so have more snow!! Snow is AWESOME!!

Malaysian Eng. Vs. British English

Hi guyz. I thought this was funny. Hope u guyz think so also.

Who says our Malaysian English is teruk? Just read below - Ours is simple, short, concise, straight-to-the-point, effective etc.


WHEN GIVING A CUSTOMER BAD NEWS

Britons: I'm sorry, sir, but we don't seem to have the sweater you want in your size, but if you give me a moment, I can call the other outlets for you.

Malaysians: No stock.



RETURNING A CALL


Britons: Hello, this is John Smith. Did anyone call for me a few moments ago?

Malaysians: Hello, who call?


ASKING SOMEONE TO MAKE WAY


Britons: Excuse me, I would like to get by. Would you please make way?

Malaysians: S-kew me.



WHEN SOMEONE OFFERS TO PAY


Britons: Hey! Put your wallet away, this drink is on me.

Malaysians: No need lah.



WHEN ASKING FOR PERMISSION


Britons: Excuse me, but do you think it would be possible for me to enter through this door?

Malaysians: (pointing at the door) Can ah?


WHEN ENTERTAINING


Britons: Please make yourself right at home.

Malaysians: No need shy shy one lah!


WHEN DOUBTING SOMEONE


Britons: I don't recall you giving me the money.

Malaysians: Where got?



WHEN DECLINING AN OFFER


Britons: I would prefer not to do that, if you don't mind.

Malaysians: Don't want lah.


IN DISAGREEING ON A TOPIC OF DISCUSSION


Britons: Err...Tom, I have to stop you there. I understand where you're coming from, but I really have to disagree with what you said about the issue.

Malaysians: You mad ah?



WHEN ASKING SOMEONE TO LOWER THEIR VOICE.


Britons: Excuse me, but could you please lower your voice? I'm trying to concentrate over here.

Malaysians: Shut up lah!



WHEN ASKING SOMEONE IF HE/SHE KNOWS YOU.


Britons: Excuse me, but I noticed you staring at me for sometime. Do I know you?

Malaysians: See what, see what?


WHEN ASSESSING A TIGHT SITUATION.


Britons: We seem to be in a bit of a predicament at the moment.

Malaysians: Die lah!!


WHEN TRYING TO FIND OUT WHAT HAD HAPPENED


Britons: Will someone tell me what has just happened?

Malaysians: What happened ah? Why like that one lah?



WHEN SOMEONE DID SOMETHING WRONG


Britons: This isn't the way to do it. Here, let me show you.

Malaysians: Like that also don't know how to do!

WHEN ONE IS ANGRY


Britons: Would you mind not disturbing me?

Malaysians: Celaka you!



So which would you prefer?

Merry Christmas!!

Hi guyz.
Merry Christmas! Sorry didn't update earlier!!
We have Christmas because of our wonderful savior! He died on the cross for all our sins!!
Just wanna share something.... I had a gud laugh!!


It's not the fault of student if
he/she fails because the year ONLY
has 365 days...
typical academic year for a student:

1. Sundays - 52 Sundays in a year, you know Sundays are for rest.
Days left 313.


2. Summer holidays - 50 where weather is very hot and difficult to study.
Days left 263.


3. 8 hours daily sleep - 130 days GONE.
Days left 141.


4. 1 hour for daily playing- (good for health) means 15 days.
Days left 126.


5. 2 hours daily for food & other delicacies (chewing properly & swallowing) - means 30 days.
Days left 96.


6. 1 hour for talking (man is a social animal) - means 15 days.
Days left 81.


7. Exam days - per year at least 35 days.
Days left 46.


8. Quarterly, half yearly and festival (holidays) - 40 days.
Days left 6.


9. For sickness - at least 3 days.
Days left 3.


10. Movies and functions- at least 2 days.
1 day left.


11. That 1 day is your birthday.
How can you study on that day ?!?!?!?!?!

Balance = 0
' How can a student pass ?????'

Update

Hi guys!! Sorry I didn’t update earlier. Here’s a few updates: I’ve touch my 1st snow!!! Amazing! It’s so awesome!! Sorry Elaine if u’re reading this!!! Haha!! Second of all, my birthday party was awesome. Of course!!!! It was my 1st party!!! Haha!! The girls had a basketball game two days ago! WE won!!! We played against TISA B!!! I lost a earring when someone crash into me! But I found it later. It hurts! WE had The Senior Room Wax Museum yesterday!!! Tomorrow Christmas concert!!! Nervous!!!! Math test on Friday! I’m gonna fail it!!!! Didn’t understand anything!!! I never NEVER NEVER EVER thought that I’ll be learning Pi so soon!!!! I’ve just learned that today!!! I’m only in the 6th grade!!!! It was so hard!!!! Oh ya, tomorrow The Senior Room’s gonna hav a Christmas Bazaar!!! I think that’s all!! Elaine, GO UPDATE YOUR BLOG!!!! Merry Christmas guyz!!!

My birthday is TODAY!!!!

Hi guyz. Sorry long time didn't update. I don't know hu d "guyz" are. I guess it's jux random people dat read my blog. Or no1 at all. Elaine, i think i neo ur reading dis so go n UPDATE UR BLOG!!!! Today's my birthday!!! yahoo! I'm having my party tomorrow!!!! Anyway, I so HAPPY!!!! Elaine, when i get back, u'll hav 2 giv me lots of presents. Anyway, We hav a basketball game on Monday. The girls only. I'm busy. Hav to memorize a whole page for our class's wax museum on Tuesday!!!!! And hav to memorize my lines for our school's Christmas concert!!! Merry Christmas guyz!!!! I won't really hav time tomorrow and on Sunday!!! BYe guyz. Will update my blog another time!!!! =P

Pictures

Hey guyz. U know I was telling u guyz bout d basketball tournament? Here's some pics....










Will post some more another time becoz internet slow

Update

Hi guyz. I know I didn’t update my blog for quite a while. I’ve been busy, as usual, the girls on our basketball team and I are going to play another game two weeks from Monday. We probably are gonna play two games. Mr. Scott is trying to arrange a game for the boys. Christmas is coming!!!!! Who’s excites???? I am!!!! Well, my BIRTHDAY is next Friday!!!! AND, I might see snow for the first time in maybe January!!!! I was hoping that the Kuehs could come and visit my family and I. I gonna share some poems with you guyz. Students from my school wrote it.


SIMILE POEM
My Fabulous Dad
– by Someone (Gr. 3)

My Dad is like a brick wall because he is strong, alert and intelligent.
My Dad is like a striped tiger because he is fast and is smart.
My Dad is like a bird because he is musical and sweet.
My Dad is like a mighty solider because he protects me.

What I Love About Fall
– by Someone (Gr 3 )
What I love about Fall is that I can rake colorful leaves with excitement and I can also drink yummy hot chocolate. I can sit beside a warm glowing fireplace. I can play hide-seek in the colorful leaves. That is what I love about Fall.

METAPHOR POEMS

A Sharp Pencil - By Someone (Gr. 4)

In the dark cubby
I can see the dangerous spear
With its straight stick lying

It lies like a steady soldier
And patiently waits for his master
To use him

I can hear it tick as it
Rolls down and falls

The Classroom Stapler
– Someone(Gr 4)

In the class
I see a tiny dinosaur chewing paper
With its teeth stuck in the paper

Its head is poking into the paper and crunching hard

I can hear it snapping!

SIMILE POEM

My Special Dad – by Someone (Gr.4)

My Dad is like a rock
Because he is strong and mighty
My Dad is like the earth
Because he is tall and firm
My Dad is like a sword
Because he is good and protective
My Dad is like a book
Because he is smart and just
My Dad is like thunder
Because sometimes he is angry with me. 

Smells – By Someone (Gr 3)

I love…..
The smell of chocolate cookies in the hot oven
The smell of fresh bread, right out of the warm oven
The smell of dead leaves, the color orange in the Fall
The backyard on a cold day.

I love…..
The smell of dinner warm on the table
The smell of new sheets out of the dryer
The smell of green new grass
The smell of the trees on a cool summer day.

Update

Hi guyz. I’ve been busy so I didn’t update my blog for quite a while. I’ve been tired coz I’ve been playing basketball for 4 days in a row. Well, we have 7 girls on our team. (It’s a girls team. But we have a boys team also) And we play against 2 other teams from other schools. The 1st day was okay. The boys played 1st then the girls. We have 4 quarters. Each quarter is 8 minutes, but the whole game is about an hour. Because is u include the foul shots…… etc. We did okay on the 1st day. We played against TISA. The score was I think 39- 9. We got 9. BUT, HEY, We’ve been training for about a month only. AND TISA has like the best basketball players and they had like 1 9 peoples, so they have lots of subs, while we only have 2 subs. Well, they probably have been training for years. Second day we played against BIS. But I was sick with the fever so I didn’t go. But the score was pretty close. The 3rd day, I went to play. We played against TISA. The score was like 35-18. Yahoo!!!!! WE improve. (We got 18) The forth day, which was a Thursday, November 27, I played. We played against BIS. We were so confident that we could win but we lost. But it’s okay coz that was my 1st time playing against another team and on a full court. I’ve learn a lot. It was a very good experience. Mr. Scott, our coach, said that many other team wants to play with us after they seen us play. Believe it or not, they were so big and tall. I was guarding the biggest girl on the TISA team on 1 game. They were like 17, 18, and 19 years old. 4 people on our team were like 10, 11, and 12 years old. And two were like 13, 14. And we had one turning 15. On the last game on Thursday, one of our people got 5 fouls so she’s out. And she was our BEST player. One of our people made a few 3-pointers!!!! Even though we lost, we didn’t lose so badly. People in our school didn’t think we’ll do so well. The finals were today. I didn’t go and watch. Cause transport here hard la. Awards were today also. But I think our team will get something because Mr. Scott, our coach, ask us to go to the awards if we can’t. I couldn’t make it. That’s it for now, bye guyz. I’ll update my blog another time. But before that, there’s a song I’ve just learn.

If I had a little white box,
I’ll put my Jesus in,
I’ll take him out, and (kiss, kiss, kiss)
And keep him as my friend
But if I had a little black box.
I’ll put old Satan in,
I’ll take him out,
And PUNCH him in the face,
And put him back inside.

Update

Hi guyz. I’ve been busy so I didn’t update my blog for quite a while. I’ve been tired coz I’ve been playing basketball for 4 days in a row. Well, we have 7 girls on our team. (It’s a girls team. But we have a boys team also) And we play against 2 other teams from other schools. The 1st day was okay. The boys played 1st then the girls. We have 4 quarters. Each quarter is 8 minutes, but the whole game is about an hour. Because is u include the foul shots…… etc. We did okay on the 1st day. We played against TISA. The score was I think 39- 9. We got 9. BUT, HEY, We’ve been training for about a month only. AND TISA has like the best basketball players and they had like 1 9 peoples, so they have lots of subs, while we only have 2 subs. Second day we played against BIS. But I was sick with the fever so I didn’t go. But the score was pretty close. The 3rd day, I went to play. We played against TISA. The score was like 35-18. Yahoo!!!!! WE improve. (We got 18) The forth day, which was a Thursday, November 27, I played. We played against BIS. We were so confident that we could win but we lost. But it’s okay coz that was my 1st time playing against another team and on a full court. I’ve learn a lot. It was a very good experience. Mr. Scott, our coach, said that many other team wants to play with us after they seen us play. Believe it or not, they were so big and tall. I was guarding the biggest girl on the TISA team on 1 game. They were like 17, 18, and 19 years old. 4 people on our team were like 10, 11, and 12 years old. And two were like 13, 14. And we had one turning 15. On the last game on Thursday, one of our people got 5 fouls so she’s out. And she was our BEST player. One of our people made a few 3-pointers!!!! Even though we lost, we didn’t lose so badly. People in our school didn’t think we’ll do so well. The finals were today. I didn’t go and watch. Cause transport here hard la. Awards were today also. But I think our team will get something because Mr. Scott, our coach, ask us to go to the awards if we can’t. I couldn’t make it. That’s it for now, bye guyz. I’ll update my blog another time. But before that, there’s a song I’ve just learn.

If I had a little white box,
I’ll put my Jesus in,
I’ll take him out, and (kiss, kiss, kiss)
And keep him as my friend
But if I had a little black box.
I’ll put old Satan in,
I’ll take him out,
And PUNCH him in the face,
And put him back inside.

Hi guyz....

Hi guyz. I’m a bit nervous. Man, you should hav seen the basketball uniforms. So huge. Dunno when we’ll get ours. I probably hav to wear my own shorts. The basketball ‘shorts’ is probably gonna be like a long pants.
Here’s the schedule:
Monday: 3:00 – CA Boys 4:30 CA Girls
Tuesday: 4:00 – CA Girls
Wednesday: 2:00 – CA Boys 3:30 CA Girls
Thursday: 2:15 – CA Girls 4:00 CA Boys
Saturday: 10:00 – 3:00 Finals

CA is short for my school name.
I really hope that we’ll try our best and hav fun. That’s the most important thing. And that if someone on our team doesn’t make the basket, don’t blame him/her.

Will update another time.

Hi guyz… Sorry dat I have not update my blog. I’ll giv u guyz a quick update. Let’s see. Nothing much, really. School….sleep….eat……do homework……play computer games…..watch tv……..basketball practice……..planning for my own play and Christmas play…………wait a second……….CHRISTMAS PLAY!!!!! We are gonna hav a Christmas play next month dunno when at BIS. And I, so unfortunately gonna be in a part I dun wanna be in…….. LOL……. SKIP!!!!! Something else. Kinda hard to explain. BASKETBALL!!!! We, as in the people dat goes to basketball practice(cut out the people below 10 years old) are gonna play against other teams. The tournament starts on the November 24th to November 29th. Everyday there will be a team going out to compete. Like today boys, tomorrow girls………… One of our teams hav to be the top four to be in sumthing sumthing sumthing dat I dunno. The girls dun hav uniform coz the uniforms suits the boys better!!!! UNFAIR!!!! SO we, girls, hav to wear a white shirt under sumthingy we are gonna wear. Hav transport there but dunno hav transport back or not!!!!! I REALLY HOPE SO!!!!! I’m kinda busy wif home works n studying for tests…. I’m doing novel study at school now, n one of my worksheet ask me to find a song that reflects my character’s personality in the book. I NEED A SONG!!!! If any of you guyz hav a song that reflects any1 personality email me at jeswyn.l@hotmail.com Thax.


Oh yah!!!! One more thing. U know dat my birthday is next month rite?? Well Miss Angie told Alexy, Hannah, and Sarah to organize a BIRTHDAY PARTY for ME!!!!
It’s gonna be on my birthday, 12th of December. I wanna invite more people so I can get more presents. Hahax………
WE, the girls who goes to basketball practice are supposed to play against TESA’s B team, but the B team dropped out so we hav to play against the A team. The A team hav 19 people and we only hav 7. Count dat as 6 coz we hav a person who does not do much. No offends. And besides the A team the people surely very tall. Like two times taller than me maybe. Dunno la. I’m really short for ur info. BUT, I’m not the shortest in my class. I’m the 3rd!!!!!!!!

Long time rite??

Sorry I haven't update my blog for a long time. But continue checking my blog. I've been busy with school work. I'll update u now.....

-I've been busy
-I've been joining basketball practice. We gonna play against TESA. Dunno when.
-More school work.
-etc.


Today Miss Angie was sick.... :( We had the whole day's work on the board. Miss Barbara is the substitute teacher. But she didn't have to do much. Basically read the whole day because we've done all the work. Maybe not all. Anyway, On Friday was Ben, Monday Caleb, Tuesday Robby, and today Miss Angie. Many people are sick as well. PRAY HARD!!! I hope I I'm not next!! I dun wanna miss basketball practice!!!!!!!! NEVER!!! But I wonder who's next......... hmmmmm.....

High School Musical 3 came out liaw!!! I wanna watch....

Sorry. Got to stop first. Got to eat dinner.

I'm Back.
Elaine said that she will send High School Musical 3 to me but the original haven't come out yet.

I have been busy playing computer games. My dad manage to download a few new games for my brother and I to play.

I'll update my blog another time.

Games

Hi everybody!!!! I jux wanna tell u guyz dat i put games in my blog. When u come 2 my blog, go check d right side n scroll down!!! Check my blog everyday!!

That day n today

On Thursday, basketball practice was ok. We had to run 10 laps n do 20 push-ups only. Gud thing nt more...... We also opened d Senior Room Store. Earn quite a lot of money... My shift is Monday morning.
Today we(our sch) went to a botanical garden for our end of d month activity. too bad so many little kids!!! We had treasure hunt. Dun wanna talk bout it!!!! D other teams cheating 1. Lyk my bro's team, the teacher dat was assigned to watch over them helped them. All d other teames started 1st n my team had to wait. Coz d teacher assigned to us had nt came yet!!!! We had 1 n a half hour to complete it. NOT ENOUGH TIME!!!! We were d last!! Hu Cares!!!

Sign My Guest Book!!!! If not I'll come after you and torment you!! Muahaha!! =P

MY brother finally care about his blog!!! He deleted all hs old post

. HAha!!! Go check out his blog. Thanks. http://thekiddojd.blogspot.com/
Everybody check out my blog everyday!!!!! I'm trying to update my blog everyday.

TODAY!!! =P

Yesterday before we (my family n I) slept, we change the time. Here in Spring, we spring foward an hour and in fall, we fall back an hour. So, in spring, when we spring foward, we will be 3 hours behind u guyz(those who are in Malaysia). And yesterday night when we fall back, we will be 4 hours behind u guyz(those who are in Malaysia). I miss my Maple Story!!! Actally it's not MY Maple Story. Hehe.... I mean I miss playing Maple Story..... I'm not gonna beautified my posts anymore becoz I did it for my last 2 posts and the font size went up to around 1630. I was thinking the other day, if I go back to Kuching next year, but I miss my VERY COOL AND GOOD school here!!! :( I dun wanna leave my school!!!! But then I won't get to play Maple Story then.... But most probably we(my family and I), will go back next year. Not my choice u know??? And if we go back next year, nvm...... I jux don't wanna study in BM sch la.... don't even understand anything afterwards.... say wrong thing afterwards.... after I mix the language here wif BM...... And my Chinese SO BAD even though I've been to Chinese school for 7 years including kindergarten. 2 years in kindergarten, 5 years in primary school. I definatly can't go to Chinese school then. When I go back, my English will be good and maybe my math too. I miss SO MANY MANY THINGS!!!!! MY friends, my dogs, my Grandma!!!! And many many more.
MY CLASS
I have 9 students including me in my class. 1 teacher.I have math, writing, reading, PE, library, topic, spelling, Bible. And maybe more. I have a very bad memory.
Others
I was jux counting. 2 more months and 3 days to my first year wif pierced ears!!! December 29 is my brother's birthday. I remember that day so clearly. Lazy to explain. :p Anyway, i suddenly felt like I wanna get my ears pierce. And then I got my ears pierce. Let me start from the beginning.
MY STORY(continue from up there)
In the morning, I went to school to u know. Yearly have to go to school to sit there for like 2 hours listen listen then blablablabla. If those of u who goes to Chung Hua 4 or other, u guyz should know. Then I went home. We got a call from my best friend's dad. My best friend's name is Elaine. She study in the same school. We are like sister *heart broken to be separated from her* Anyway, back to my story. Elaine's dad is Steven. But I call him Uncle Steven. Uncle Steven told my dad that they are in Saberkas( dunno how to spell). Then we went there and had lunch with them. After lunch, we were walking then I told my parents that I wanna get my ears pierce and I did. Then we went to another floor and we sat down and order drinks and ate popcorn which we bought after I got my ears pierce. Then the parents sat down and talk while we kids (2 11 years old, 2 14 years old and 1 about 4 or 5 years old) wander around playing with the lift. We went in two different lifts, 3 in one and 2 in the other, and race up and down. Then we hang around like some crazy kids. Jux kidding. Bla bLa Bla. Then we left. THE END!!! Sorry. I cut short it. Hehe =P I don't even dare to change my earrings still!!!!!!!!!! I change it once or twice only. Actually my DAD DID IT!! :P
FALL
It is now Fall or Autumn as some people call it. And it is so cold!! What else to say ar?? Nothing more.

I refrain myself from using shortcuts like: lyk/ tym/ jux etc. as some of you will not understand what I'm typing.

Love,
10e19w25n( I don't wanna put my full name for safety reasons =P)

That Day.... Drop a comment or u are a sucker!!!! =P get more ppl to read my blog!!! :)

I posted this at Monday October 20,2008 bt it mess up so I copied n paste in word to fix the font…. :P
2day was ok/gud...watever.... 2day basketball practice was ok..... EXCEPT we had 2 run so MANY MANY MANY MANY laps!!!!!!! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!! Man, dat was crazy....

SCHOOL

same everyday..i guess. our class is opening a mini store on Tuesdays n Thursday morning n afternoon.... i guess it's fun raising for d sch... anyway, i haven't told u guyz,as in u faithful readers hu spends their tym reading my stinky blog!!!:P jux joking......blablablabla..my class only hav 9 ppl or mayb 10 if u include my wonderful teacher... as everybody has been wondering where i'm at nw, dun worry, i'm STILL LIVING ON EARTH!!!! n u dun hav 2 neo where iam nw. well, i study in an American sch here....... blablablabla..... drop a comment kk u guyz?? thx a lot........ mayb i won't even read it.. :P haha...i might....i'll try...FINE!!! I'll READ THEM!!!! HAPPPPYYY????? BLABLABLA
IS ANY! INTERESTING IN VISITING ME?????????????
DUDE, D KUEH FAMILY N ROBIN FAMILY HAS 2 COME KK???? I REALLY HOPE U GUYZ ARE READING MY BLOG.... HEARTBROKEN *SOB* BLABLABLABLA.... Trying 2 update my blog once in a while as in once in 3 years... HAHAHAHA.. JUx KIDDING. DUN STOP READING MY BLOG AH PPL......

I hav to go shower now but i'll try to update it later( today's 1......) :P

Everything that happened so far..

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

I post this yesterday bt the font mess up a bit so i deleted it today n paste it (i copied it yesterday to make the font ok).

Can u believe this?? I CAN'T!!!!! In 2 more Days, It's My 8th month in *here*........ :P NOT telling u guyz where Iam NOW!!!:P except for some of u which u guyz know where Iam nw!!!
Now I'm currently having 4(only) days holiday..... It started yesterday and it's gonna end on MONDAY!! Actually, i only count it as 2 days be'coz 2 days are weekend! In my school nw I'm joining this basketball thingy... Every Mondays n Thursdays from 3:30- 5pm. Plz DO NOT ask hw do I get back home... It sucks...... but I love basketball practice even though it's plain torture.... let's see, almost everyime hav basketball, we play this basketball game, then team that loses, hav to do either 10 push-ups or 10 sit-ups or run a lap.......Everybody ran 8 LAPS!!! on Thursday(that day the team that lost didn't hav to run). N after we ran, we CANNOT sit down!!!! I really really MISS lots of thing u know??? It just so different here.... New language, new culture, new way of transport.... N, the driving here is CRAZY!!!!! Their steering wheel is on the LEFT SIDE!!!! That's why my Dad dosen't drive here...

I was jux looking at this recipe page online, n i saw something that I might like to try. So here is it.. (I copied it :P) U guyz can ask your mums to make it or u guyz can make it yourself n MAKE SURE u guyz try it n post a comment ok??? Deal?? :P
White Chocolate Pound Cake

INGREDIENTS (Nutrition)

• 2 tablespoons white sugar
• 8 (1 ounce) squares white chocolate
• 1 cup butter
• 2 cups white sugar
• 5 eggs
• 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
• 1/2 teaspoon almond extract
• 3 cups all-purpose flour
• 1 teaspoon baking powder
• 1/2 teaspoon salt
• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda
• 1 cup sour cream
• 1 (1 ounce) square semisweet chocolate
• 4 (1 ounce) squares white chocolate, melted

DIRECTIONS

1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees (175 degrees C). Grease one 10 inch bundt pan. Sprinkle 2 tablespoons of white sugar in the bundt pan.
2. Chop four squares of the white chocolate and melted 4 of the others. Set aside.
3. In a mixing bowl, cream butter and 2 cups of the sugar until light and fluffy, about 5 minutes. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Stir in extracts and the melted white chocolate.
4. Combine flour, baking powder, salt and baking soda; add to the creamed mixture alternately with the sour cream. Beat just until combined.
5. Pour 1/3 of the batter into the prepared pan and sprinkle with 1/2 of the chopped white chocolate. Repeat. Pour remaining batter on top.
6. Bake at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for 55 to 60 minutes or until a knife inserted near the center comes out clean. Melt chocolate in the top of two double boilers or in bowls in the microwave. Stir until smooth. Set aside to cool Let cake cool in pan for 10 minutes then remove from pan and let cool on a wire rack completely. Once cool place cake on a serving dish and drizzle with melted white and semisweet chocolate. Garnish with strawberries, if desired.

I’m very sorry guyz…..my blog mess up a bit….like the font size.. sorry… I know it’s hard to read.

2day I'm posting JOKES!!!!:P

HI there ppl,
i neo i long tym did nt update my blog. sry guyz.......
well, i try 2 update my blag next tym bt 2day i jux wanna share sum jokes wif y'all......

A mental hospital

After hearing that one of the patients in a mental hospital had saved another from a suicide attempt by pulling him out of a bathtub, the hospital director reviewed the rescuer's file and called him into his office.

"Mr. Haroldson, your records and your heroic behavior indicate that you're ready to go home. I'm only sorry that the man you saved later killed himself with a rope around the neck."

"Oh, he didn't kill himself," Mr. Haroldson replied. "I hung him up to dry."

Upset is unhealthy

The mother of a problem child was advised by a psychiatrist, "You are far too upset and worried about your son. I suggest you take tranquilizers regularly."

On her next visit the psychiatrist asked, "Have the tranquilizers calmed you down?"

"Yes," the boy's mother answered.

"And how is your son now?" the psychiatrist asked.

"Who cares?" the mother replied.

Fixing an ailment

In Ireland there is a mental institution that every year picks two of it's most reformed patients and questions them. If they get the questions right they are free to leave. This year the two lucky patients were Patty and Mike. They were called down to the office and left there by the orderly. They were told to wait as the doctor got their files. The doctor came out and motioned for Patty to come in for her questioning.

When Patty came into the office, she was instructed to sit in the seat across from the doctor. "Patty, you know the tradition of this institution so I imagine you know why you are here. You will be asked two questions, and if you get them right, you will be free to go. Do you understand all that you have been told?" said the doctor with a rather sly grin. Patty nodded, and the doctor began to question her.

The first question was this: "Patty, if I was to poke out one of your eyes, what would happen?" "I would be half blind of course," Patty answered without much thought. "What would happen if I poked out the other eye?" "I would be completely blind," said Patty knowing that she had just gotten her freedom. The doctor then sent her outside while he drew up the paperwork and accessed Mike's files.

When Patty got into the waiting room however, she told Mike what the questions would be and what the correct answers were. The doctor calls in Mike and he followed the same procedure that he had with Patty. "Mike, the first question is what would happen if I cut off your ear?" "I would be blind in one eye," he said remembering what he had been told.

This received a perplexed look from the doctor but he just simply asks the other question so that he could figure out what the man was thinking. "Mike, what would happen if I cut off your other ear?" "I would be completely blind," he answered with a smile as if he knew he had passed.

But then the doctor asked him what his reasoning was, and he said flatly, "Me hat would fall down over me eyes."

I'll jux do 2 only for nw.

Wolfs

Looks like a wolf rite? Bt it's a dog!!! :P





Gray Wolfs

The grey wolf or gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a mammal of the order Carnivora. The gray wolf is the largest wild member of the Canidae family and an ice age survivor originating during the Late Pleistocene around 300,000 years ago.^[2]DNA sequencing and genetic drift studies indicate that the gray wolf shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog, (Canis lupus familiaris) and might be its ancestor.^[3] A number of other gray wolf subspecies have been identified, though the actual number of subspecies is still open to discussion. Gray wolves are typically apex predators in the ecosystems they occupy. Gray wolves are highly adaptable and have thrived in temperate forests, deserts, mountains, tundra, taiga, grasslands and even urban areas.^[4]

Though once abundant over much of Eurasia and North America, the gray wolf inhabits a very small portion of its former range because of widespread destruction of its habitat, human encroachment of its habitat, and the resulting human-wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation. Considered as a whole, however, the gray wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today, wolves are protected in some areas, hunted for sport in others, or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to livestock and pets.

In areas where human cultures and wolves are sympatric, wolves frequently feature in the folklore and mythology of those cultures, both positively and negatively.

Physical characteristics

Gray wolf weight and size can vary greatly worldwide, tending to increase proportionally with latitude as predicted by Bergmann's Rule. In general, height varies from 0.6 to .95 metersinches) at the shoulder and weight ranges from 20 (44 lb.) up to 68 (150 lb.) kilograms, which together make the gray wolf the largest of all wild canids.^[5] Although rarely encountered, extreme specimens of more than 77 kg (170 lb.) have been recorded in Alaska, Canada^[6] and the former Soviet Union.^[7] The heaviest gray wolf recorded in the New World was killed on 70 Mile River in east central Alaska on July 12, 1939 and weighed 79 kg (175 lb.)^[8], while the heaviest wolf recorded in the Old World was killed after World War II in the kobelyakski Area of the Poltavskij Region in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and weighed 86 kg (189 lb.).^[7] The smallest wolves come from the Arabian Wolf subspecies, the females of which may weigh as little as 10 kg (22 lb) at maturity. Grey wolves are sexually dimorphic, with females in any given wolf population typically weighing 20% less than males.^[9] Females also have narrower muzzles and foreheads, slightly shorter, smoother furred legs and less massive shoulders^[8]. Gray wolves can measure anywhere from 1.3 to 2 meters (4.5–6.5 feet) from nose to the tip of the tail, which itself accounts for approximately one quarter of overall body length.^[10] (26–38

Picture of a Gray Wolf skeleton.

Gray wolves are built for stamina, possessing features ideal for long-distance travel. Their narrow chests and powerful backs and legs facilitate efficient locomotion. They are capable of covering several miles trotting at about a pace of 10 km/h (6 mph), and have been known to reach speeds approaching 65 km/h (40 mph) during a chase.^[11] One female gray wolf was recorded to have made 7 metre bounds when chasing prey.^[7]

Gray wolf paws are able to tread easily on a wide variety of terrains, especially snow. There is a slight webbing between each toe, which allows them to move over snow more easily than comparatively hampered prey. Gray wolves are digitigrade, which, with the relative largeness of their feet, helps them to distribute their weight well on snowy surfaces. The front paws are larger than the hind paws, and have a fifth digit, the dewclaw, that is absent on hind paws.^[12]blood vessels keep paw pads from freezing.^[13] Scent glands located between a wolf's toes leave trace chemical markers behind, helping the wolf to effectively navigate over large expanses while concurrently keeping others informed of its whereabouts.^[13] Unlike dogs and coyotes, gray wolves lack sweat glands on their paw pads. This trait is also present in Eastern Canadian Coyotes which have been shown to have recent wolf ancestry.^[14] Wolves in Israel are unique due to the middle two toes of their paws being fused, a trait originally thought to be unique to the African Wild Dog.^[15] Bristled hairs and blunt claws enhance grip on slippery surfaces, and special

Gray wolves molt some of their coats in late spring or early summer.

Wolves have bulky coats consisting of two layers. The first layer is made up of tough guard hairsundercoat that insulates. The undercoat is shed in the form of large tufts of fur in late spring or early summer (with yearly variations). A wolf will often rub against objects such as rocks and branches to encourage the loose fur to fall out. The undercoat is usually gray regardless of the outer coat's appearance. Wolves have distinct winter and summer pelages that alternate in spring and autumn. Females tend to keep their winter coats further into the spring than males. that repel water and dirt. The second is a dense, water-resistant

Fur coloration varies greatly, running from gray to gray-brown, all the way through the canine spectrum of white, red, brown, and black. These colors tend to mix in many populations to form predominantly blended individuals, though it is not uncommon for an individual or an entire population to be entirely one color (usually all black or all white). With the exception of Italy, in which black wolves can constitute 20-25% of the entire population, melanistic wolves rarely occur outside the North American continent.^[16] A multicolor coat characteristically lacks any clear pattern other than it tends to be lighter on the animal's underside. Fur color sometimes corresponds with a given wolf population's environment; for example, all-white wolves are much more common in areas with perennial snow cover. Aging wolves acquire a grayish tint in their coats. It is often thought that the coloration of the wolf's pelage serves as a functional form of camouflage. This may not be entirely correct, as some scientists have concluded that the blended colors have more to do with emphasizing certain gestures during interaction.^[8]

At birth, wolf pups tend to have darker fur and blue irises that will change to a yellow-gold or orange color when the pups are between 8 and 16 weeks old.^[17]

Adolescent wolf with golden-yellow eyes.

Wolves' long, powerful muzzles help distinguish them from other canids, particularly coyotes and golden jackals, which have more narrow, pointed muzzles. Wolves differ from domestic dogs in a more varied nature. Anatomically, wolves have smaller orbital angles than dogs (>53 degrees for dogs compared with <45 id="cite_ref-Evolution_17-0" class="reference">[18]caudal glands at the base of the tail are present in wolves but not in dogs. Larger paw size, yellow eyes, longer legs, and bigger teeth further distinguish adult wolves from other canids, especially dogs. Also, pre

Wolves and most larger dogs share identical dentition. The maxilla has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and four molars. The mandible has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and six molars.^[19] The fourth upper premolars and first lower molars constitute the carnassialkPa (1450 lbf/in²) of pressure, a wolf's teeth are its main weapons as well as its primary tools.^[8] The dentition of grey wolves is better suited to bone crushing than those of other modern canids, though it is not as specialised as that found in hyenas.^[20] teeth, which are essential tools for shearing flesh. The long canine teeth are also important, in that they hold and subdue the prey. Capable of delivering up to 10,000

Wolf saliva has been shown to reduce bacterial infection in wounds and accelerate tissue regeneration.^[21]

Reproduction and life cycle

Generally, mating occurs between January and April — the higher the latitude, the later it occurs.^[22] A pack usually produces a single litter unless the breeding male mates with one or more subordinate females. During the mating season, breeding wolves become very affectionate with one another in anticipation of the female's ovulation cycle. The pack tension rises as each mature wolf feels urged to mate. During this time, the breeding pair may be forced to prevent other wolves from mating with one another.^[23] Incest rarely occurs, though Inbreeding depression has been reported to be a problem for wolves in Saskatchewan^[24] and Isle Royale.^[25] When the breeding female goes into estrus (which occurs once per year and lasts 5–14 days),^[26] she and her mate will spend an extended time in seclusion. Pheromones in the female's urine and the swelling of her vulva make known to the male that the female is in heat. The female is unreceptive for the first few days of estrus, during which time she sheds the lining of her uterus; but when she begins ovulating again, the two wolves mate.

The gestation period lasts between 60 and 63 days. The pups, which weigh 0.5 kg (1 lb) at birth, are born blind, deaf, and completely dependent on their mother.^[22][27] The average litter size is 5-6 pups, though litters of 10 can occur .^[7] The pups reside in the den and stay there for two months. The den is usually on high ground near an open water source, and has an open chamber at the end of an underground or hillside tunnel that can be up to a few meters long.^[13] During this time, the pups will become more independent, and will eventually begin to explore the area immediately outside the den before gradually roaming up to a mile away from it at around 5 weeks of age. Wolf growth rate is slower than that of coyotes and dholes.^[28] They begin eating regurgitated foods after 2 weeks of feeding on milk, which in wolves has less fat and more proteinarginine than dog milk.^[9] By this time, their milk teeth have emerged — and are fully weaned by 10 weeks. During the first weeks of development, the mother usually stays with her litter alone, but eventually most members of the pack will contribute to the rearing of the pups in some way.^[22] After two months, the restless pups will be moved to a rendezvous site, where they can stay safely while most of the adults go out to hunt. One or two adults stay behind to ensure the safety of the pups. After a few more weeks, the pups are permitted to join the adults if they are able, and will receive priority on anything killed, their low ranks notwithstanding. Letting the pups fight for eating privileges results in a secondary ranking being formed among them, and allows them to practice the dominance/submission rituals that will be essential to their future survival in pack life.^[22] During hunts, the pups remain ardent observers until they reach about 8 months of age, by which time they are large enough to participate actively. and

Wolves typically reach sexual maturity after two or three years, at which point many of them will be compelled to leave their birth packs and seek out mates and territories of their own.^[22][29] Wolves that reach maturity generally live 6 to 10 years in the wild, although in captivity they can live to twice that age.^[30] High mortality rates give them a low overall life expectancy. Pups die when food is scarce; they can also fall prey to predators such as bears, tigers, or other wolves. The most significant causes of mortality for grown wolves are hunting and poaching, car accidents, and wounds inflicted while hunting prey. Although adult wolves may occasionally be killed by other predators, rival wolf packs are often their most dangerous non-human enemy.

Diseases

Diseases recorded to be carried by wolves include brucella, deerfly fever, leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease and anthrax.^[7] Wolves are major hosts for rabies in Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq and India.^[7] Though wolves are not reservoirs for the disease, they can catch it from other species. Wolves develop an exceptionally severe aggressive state when rabid and can bite numerous people in a single attack. Before a vaccine was developed, bites were almost always fatal. Today, wolf bites can be treated, but the severity of rabid wolf attacks can sometimes result in outright death, or a bite near the head will make the disease act too fast for the treatment to take effect. Rabid attacks tend to cluster in winter and spring. With the reduction of rabies in Europe and North America, few rabid wolf attacks have been recorded, though some still occur annually in the Middle East.^[31] Wolves also carry the Canine coronavirus, infections being most prelevant in winter months.^[32]

Wolves in Russia have been recorded to carry over 50 different kinds of harmful parasites, including echinococcus, cysticercosis and coenuri.^[7] Wolves are also carriers of Trichinella spiralis. Between 1993-94, 148 wolf carcasses near Fairbanks, Alaska were examined for larvae, 54 (36%) of which were found to be infected. Prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in wolves is significantly related to age.^[33]

Despite their habit of carrying harmful diseases, large wolf populations are not heavily regulated by epizootic outbreaks as with other social canids. This is largely due to the habit of infected wolves vacating their packs, thus preventing mass contagion.^[7]

Behavior

Social structure

A wolf pack in Yellowstone National Park

Occasionally, single wolves are found in the wild, though packs are more common.^[34][35] Lone wolves are typically old specimens driven from their pack or young adults in search of new territory.^[36] Wolf packs tend not to be as compact or unified as those of African wild dogs and spotted hyenas^[37], though they are not as unstable as those of coyotes.^[38] Normally, the pack consists of a male, a female and their offspring, essentially making the pack a nuclear family.^[34][35] The size of the pack may change over time and is controlled by several factors, including habitat, personalities of individual wolves within a pack, and food supply. Packs can contain between 2 and 20 wolves, though 8 is a more typical size.^[39] An unusually large pack consisting of 36 wolves was reported in 1967 in Alaska.^[40] While most breeding pairs are monogamous, there are exceptions.^{[citation needed]} Wolf cubs are very submissive to their parents, though upon reaching sexual maturity, tensions within the pack increase, resulting in expulsions or “revolts” in which on rare occasions daughters kill mothers and sons kill fathers.^[41] Usually, the instinct to reproduce drives young wolves away from their birth packs, leading them to seek out mates and territories of their own. Dispersals occur at all times during the year, typically involving wolves that have reached sexual maturity prior to the previous breeding season^[36]. It takes two such dispersals from two separate packs for a new breeding pair to be formed, for dispersing wolves from the same maternal pack tend not to mate.^[23] Once two dispersing wolves meet and begin traveling together, they immediately begin the process of seeking out territory, preferably in time for the next mating season.^[22] Wolves mature after two years, and stay with their parents until that age. Young from the previous season will support their parents in nursing the pups of a later year. When the young reach maturity, they normally leave the territory of their parents to look for a territory for themselves. Parents are invariably dominant over their offspring, therefore hierarchic fights are rare in wild packs.^[34][35] Wolf packs rarely accept strangers, and are ferociously territorial, with one study on wolf mortality in Minnesota and the Denali National Park and Preserve concluding that 14–65% of wolf deaths were due to predation by other wolves.^[42] Wolves acting unusually within the pack, such as epileptic pups or thrashing adults crippled by a trap or a gunshot, are usually killed by other members of their own pack.^[8]

In literature, wolf packs are commonly portrayed as strongly hierarchic communities, with a dominant breeding "Alpha pair", a group of subordinate "Beta" individuals and the scapegoat^[34][35] According to wolf biologist L. David Mech, "Calling a wolf an alpha is usually no more appropriate than referring to a human parent or a doe deer as an alpha. Any parent is dominant to its young offspring, so alpha adds no information."^[43] "Omega wolf" on the lowest end of the hierarchy. These descriptions are heavily based on research on captive wolves and cannot be extrapolated to wild wolf packs. In captivity, dispersal of mature individuals is impossible, resulting in frequent aggressive hierarchic encounters.

Scent marking

Wolves scent-roll to bring scents back to the pack.

Wolves, like other canines, use scent marking to lay claim to anything—from territory to fresh kills.^[44] Breeding wolves scent mark the most often, with males doing so more than females. The most widely used scent marker is urine. Male and female breeding wolves urine-mark objects with a raised-leg stance (all other pack members squat) to enforce rank and territory. They also use marks to identify food caches and to claim kills on behalf of the pack. Defecation^[44] Defecation markers are particularly useful for navigation, keeping the pack from traversing the same terrain too often and also allowing each wolf to be aware of the whereabouts of its pack members. Above all, though, scent marking is used to inform other wolves and packs that a certain territory is occupied, and that they should therefore tread cautiously. markers are used for the same purpose as urine marks, and serve as a more visual warning, as well.

Wolves have scent glands all over their bodies, including at the base of the tail, between toes, and in the eyes, genitalia, and skin.^[44] Pheromones secreted by these glands identify each individual wolf. A dominant wolf will "rub" its body against subordinate wolves to mark such wolves as being members of a particular pack. Wolves may also "paw" dirt to release pheromones instead of urine marking.^[45]

Dietary habits

Wolves feed primarily on medium to large sized ungulates, including sheep, goats, chamois, pigs, deer, antelope, caribou, horses, moose, yak, and bison. Other recorded large prey include marine mammals such as seals^[46] and beached whales.^[47] Solitary wolves depend more on smaller animals, which they capture by pouncing and pinning with their front paws, though lone wolves have been recorded to bring down prey as large as bison unaided.^[9] Some wolf packs in Alaska and Western Canada have been observed to feed on salmon.^[48][49] They also prey on rodents, game birds and other small animals. A single wolf can eat up to 3.2-3.5 kg of food at a time, though they can eat as much as 13-15 kg when sufficiently hungry.^[7] A wolf's yearly requirement is 1.5 tons of meat.^[7] Wolves can go without sustenance for long periods of time, with one Russian record showing how one specimen survived for 17 days without food.^[8][7] After eating, wolves will drink large quantities of water to prevent uremic poisoning.^[8] A wolf's stomach can hold up to 7.5 litres of water.^[7] Research has shown that 2 weeks without food will not weaken a wolf's muscle activity.

An American Bison standing its ground, thereby increasing its chance for survival.

Wolves in search of food act upon a series of interlocking instincts and imprinting, thus they will typically avoid a potential prey item which does not conform to what they learned during their long ontogeny. The exploration of a new food source requires a dismantling of what they previously learned, accompanied by a slow re-learning process aided by close observation of the new prey. Generally, the greater the discrepancy of the new prey to what wolves are previously accustomed to, the greater their resistance to exploring it. This is only increased should the new prey act bold, assertive and fearless. Nevertheless, even if there is no food shortage, wolves will explore alternative prey if they continually come in close contact with it and habituate themselves.^[50] Wolf packs show little strategic cooperation in hunting unlike lions, though wolf pairs have been shown to strategize when attacking large prey.^[9] When hunting large prey, wolves typically attempt to conceal themselves as they approach the selected animal. Often, they will wait for the prey to graze, when it is distracted. Wolves generally do not engage in long chases, and will usually stop a pursuit after a chase of 10-180 metres, though there has been one documented case of a wolf chasing a moose for 36 km.^[7] Wolves typically kill large prey by tearing at their haunches and perinium areas, causing massive bleeding.^[7] Sometimes, the wolves will bite the throat, severing the windpipe or jugular.^[51] A single bite can cause a wound up to 10-15 cm in length. A large deer in optimum health will succumb to three bites at the perinium area after a chase of 150 metres. Once the prey collapses, the wolves will tear open the abdominal cavity and commence feeding on the animal, sometimes whilst it is still alive.^[7] On some occasions, wolves will not press an attack, and will wait for their prey to die from their wounds before commencing feeding.^[52] Pack status is reinforced during feeding. The breeding pair usually eats first, starting with the heart, liver and lungs. Wolves of intermediate rank will prevent low ranking animals from feeding until the dominant pair finishes eating.^[21] The stomach is eaten, though the contents are left untouched. The leg muscles are eaten next, with the hide and bones being the last to be eaten.^[9] There are exceptions, with some wolf packs having been reported to show preferences to their prey's fat deposits rather than internal organs.^[53]

Though commonly portrayed as targeting solely sick or infirm animals,^[29] there is little evidence that they actively limit themselves to such targets. Rather, the evidence shows that wolves will simply target the easiest options available, which as well as sick and infirm animals, can also include young animals and pregnant females. Research from the former Soviet Union for example shows that in some cases, 93% of all killed prey may have no illnesses or infirmities. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, wolves were shown to select pregnant female domestic caribou and calves rather than infirm specimens, with some reports showing that wolves bypassed emaciated, sickly animals altogether in favour of well fed ones.^[7] However, most healthy, fit individuals will not run from wolves and will instead choose to stand their ground, thus increasing the possibility of injury to the attacking wolves. The wolves are more likely to yield when confronted by bold prey. Wolves are generally inefficient at killing large, assertive prey, with success rates as low as 20% which is due, in part, to the large size and defensive capabilities of their prey.^[54] Wolves have on occasion been observed to engage in acts of surplus killing. An example of this was reported by a Conservation Officer for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, stating that during a spring snow storm, two wolves killed 21 deer, consuming only two.^[55] Surplus killing in the wild peaks in winter months when heavy snow impedes the movements of large hooved prey.^[7] Wolves will occasionally attack pregnant ungulates to feed on the fetus(es), whilst leaving the mother uneaten.^[56]

Wolves will on occasion supplement their diet with vegetation, with some areas of the former Soviet Union reporting that wolves cause serious damage to watermelon plantations.^[7] In certain localities in Eurasia where there is little natural prey, wolves will forage in garbage dumps. There are few cases of wolves in North America relying on garbage for food,^[9] though in 2005, a wolf pack in Saskatchewan had been regularly seen in broad daylight at a garbage dump, adjusting their arrival with that of the front-end loader carrying garbage. Wolves which feed regularly in garbage dumps often display bolder behaviour toward humans than those that hunt game.^[53]

Interspecific predatory relationships

Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they are sympatric. In North America, wolves are generally intolerant of coyotes in their territory; two years after their re-introduction to the Yellowstone National Park, the wolves were responsible for a near 50% drop in coyote populations through both competition and predation.^[57] Wolves have been reported to dig coyote pups from their dens and kill them. Wolves typically do not consume the coyotes they kill. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves^[9], though they have been known to gang up on wolves if they outnumber them.^[57] Near identical interactions have been observed in Greece between wolves and golden jackals.^[58] Wolves may kill foxes, though not as frequently as they do with coyotes. Racoon dogs are also reportedly preyed upon.^[9]

Cougars are encountered in North America. Wolves are usually hostile toward cougars and will kill cubs if given the opportunity. The wolf's relation to adult cougars is more complex. A pack often takes advantage of cougars, stealing kills and sometimes killing mature adults. Interactions between solitary wolves and cougars are rarer, but the two species have killed each other.^[59][60] National Park Service cougar specialist Kerry Murphy stated that the cougar usually is at an advantage on a one to one basis, considering it can effectively use its claws, as well as its teeth, unlike the wolf which relies solely on its teeth. Yellowstone officials have reported that attacks between cougars and wolves are not uncommon. Multiple incidents of cougars taking wolves and vice versa have been recorded in Yellowstone National Park. However, researchers in Montana have found that wolves regularly kill cougars in the area, though they did not specify whether or not this was a pack situation.

Illustration of a wolf pack confronting a Grizzly bear by Adolph Murie (1944)

Brown bears are encountered in both Eurasia and North America. The majority of interactions between wolves and brown bears usually amount to nothing more than mutual avoidance. Serious confrontations depend on the circumstances of the interaction, though the most common factor is defence of food and young. Brown bears will use their superior size to intimidate wolves from their kills and when sufficiently hungry, will raid wolf dens. Brown bears usually dominate wolves on kills, though they rarely prevail against wolves defending den sites. Wolves in turn have been observed killing bear cubs, to the extent of even driving off the defending mother bears.^[9] Deaths in wolf/bear skirmishes are considered very rare occurrences, the individual power of the bear and the collective strength of the wolf pack usually being sufficient deterrents to both sides.^[61] American black bears occur solely in the Americas, and interactions with wolves are much rarer than with brown bears, due to differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species' northern range, with no interactions being recorded in Mexico. Wolves have been recorded to kill black bears on numerous occasions without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills.^[9]

In areas where wolves and tigers share ranges, such as the Russian Far East, the two species typically display a great deal of dietary overlap, resulting in intense competition. Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in Sikhote-Alin, which until the beginning of the 20th century, held very few wolves. It is thought by certain experts that wolf numbers increased in the region after tigers were largely eliminated during the Russian colonization in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This is corroborated by native inhabitants of the region claiming that they had no memory of wolves inhabiting Sikohte-Alin until the 1930s, when tiger numbers decreased.^[62][63] Today wolves are considered scarce in tiger inhabited areas, being found in scattered pockets, and usually seen travelling as loners or in small groups. First hand accounts on interactions between the two species indicate that tigers occasionally chase wolves from their kills, while wolves will scavenge from tiger kills. Tigers are not known to prey on wolves, though there are four records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them.^[62] Tigers depress wolf numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human persecution decreases the latters numbers.

Wolves may occasionally encounter striped hyenas in the Middle East, Central and Southern Asia, mostly in disputes over carcasses. Though hyenas usually dominate wolves on a one to one basis, wolf packs have been reported to displace lone hyenas from carcasses.^[64] Wolf remains have been found in cave hyena den sites, though it is unknown if the wolves were killed or scavenged upon.^[65] Unlike cave hyenas, which preferentially preyed on lowland animals such as horses, wolves relyed more on slope-dwelling ibex and roe deer, thus minimising competition. Wolves and cave hyenas seem to display negative abundance relations over time, with wolf populations expanding their ranges as hyenas disappeared. ^[66]

Communication

Body language

See also: Dog communication

The posture and facial expression of this Arabian wolf is defensive and gives warning to other wolves to be cautious.

This facial expression shows fear.

Wolves can communicate visually through a wide variety of expressions and moods ranging from subtle signals, such as a slight shift in weight, to more obvious ones, such as rolling on their backs to indicate complete submission.^[67]

• Dominance – A dominant wolf stands stiff legged and tall. The ears are erect and forward, and the hackles bristle slightly. Often the tail is held vertically and curled toward the back. This display asserts the wolf's rank to others in the pack. A dominant wolf may stare at a submissive one, pin it to the ground, "ride up" on its shoulders, or even stand on its hind legs.
• Submission (active) – During active submission, the entire body is lowered, and the lips and ears are drawn back. Sometimes active submission is accompanied by muzzle licking, or the rapid thrusting out of the tongue and lowering of the hindquarters. The tail is placed down, or halfway or fully between the legs, and the muzzle often points up to the more dominant animal. The back may be partly arched as the submissive wolf humbles itself to its superior; a more arched back and more tucked tail indicate a greater level of submission.
• Submission (passive) – Passive submission is more intense than active submission. The wolf rolls on its back and exposes its vulnerable throat and underside. The paws are drawn into the body. This posture is often accompanied by whimpering.
• Anger – An angry wolf's ears are erect, and its fur bristles. The lips may curl up or pull back, and the incisors are displayed. The wolf may also arch its back, lash out, or snarl.
• Fear – A frightened wolf attempts to make itself look small and less conspicuous; the ears flatten against the head, and the tail may be tucked between the legs, as with a submissive wolf. There may also be whimpering or barks of fear, and the wolf may arch its back.
• Defensive – A defensive wolf flattens its ears against its head.
• Aggression – An aggressive wolf snarls and its fur bristles. The wolf may crouch, ready to attack if necessary.
• Suspicion – Pulling back of the ears shows a wolf is suspicious. The wolf also narrows its eyes. The tail of a wolf that senses danger points straight out, parallel to the ground.
• Relaxation – A relaxed wolf's tail points straight down, and the wolf may rest sphinx-like or on its side. The wolf may also wag its tail. The further down the tail droops, the more relaxed the wolf is.
• Tension – An aroused wolf's tail points straight out, and the wolf may crouch as if ready to spring.
• Happiness – As dogs do, a wolf may wag its tail if in a joyful mood. The tongue may roll out of the mouth.
• Hunting – A wolf that is hunting is tensed, and therefore the tail is horizontal and straight.
• Playfulness – A playful wolf holds its tail high and wags it. The wolf may frolic and dance around, or bow by placing the front of its body down to the ground, while holding the rear high, sometimes wagged. This resembles the playful behavior of domestic dogs.

Howling and other vocalisations

Howling adult wolf at the UK Wolf Conservation Trust

Wolf howls, which can last from 0.5-11 seconds, typically have a frequency of 150-780 Hz.^[16]forested areas or over great distances. Howling also helps to call pack members to a specific location. Howling can also serve as a declaration of territory, as shown in a dominant wolf's tendency to respond to a human imitation of a "rival" wolf in an area the wolf considers its own. This behavior is stimulated when a pack has something to protect, such as a fresh kill. As a rule of thumb, large packs will more readily draw attention to themselves than will smaller packs. Adjacent packs may respond to each others' howls, which can mean trouble for the smaller of the two. Wolves therefore tend to howl with great care.^[68] Wolves will also howl for communal reasons. Some scientists speculate that such group sessions strengthen the wolves' social bonds and camaraderie—similar to community singing among humans.^[68] During such choral sessions, wolves will howl at different tones and varying pitches, making it difficult to estimate the number of wolves involved. This confusion of numbers makes a listening rival pack wary of what action to take. For example, confrontation could be disastrous if the rival pack gravely underestimates the howling pack's numbers. A wolf's howl may be heard from up to ten miles (16 km) away, depending on weather conditions. Observations of wolf packs suggest that howling occurs most often during the twilight hours, preceding the adults' departure to the hunt and following their return. Studies also show that wolves howl more frequently during the breeding season and subsequent rearing process. The pups themselves begin howling soon after emerging from their dens and can be provoked into howling sessions easily over the following two months. Such indiscriminate howling usually is intended for communication, and does not harm the wolf so early in its life.^[68] Howling becomes less indiscriminate as wolves learn to distinguish howling pack members from rival wolves. The Arabian and Iranian wolf subspecies are unusual as they are not known to howl.^[8][69] Howling helps pack members keep in touch, allowing them to communicate effectively in thickly

Growling, while teeth are bared, is the most visual warning wolves use. Wolf growls have a distinct, deep, bass-like quality which can range from 250-1,500 Hz.^[16] It is often used to threaten rivals, though not necessarily to defend themselves. Wolves also growl at other wolves while being aggressively dominant. Wolves bark when nervous or when allerting other wolves of danger but do so very discreetly and will not generally bark loudly or repeatedly as dogs do. Instead they use a low-key, breathy "whuf" sound which can measure from 320-904 Hz^[16] to immediately get attention from other wolves. Wolves also "bark-howl" by adding a brief howl to the end of a bark. Wolves bark-howl for the same reasons they normally bark. Generally, pups bark and bark-howl much more frequently than adults, using these vocalizations to cry for attention, care, or food. A lesser known sound is the rally. Wolves will gather as a group and, amidst much tail-wagging and muzzle licking, emit a high-pitched wailing noise interspersed with something similar to (but not the same as) a bark. Rallying is often a display of submission to an alpha by the other wolves.^[70] Wolves also whimper, a sound with a maximum range of 3,500 Hz^[16], usually when submitting to other wolves. Wolf pups whimper when they need a reassurance of security from their parents or other wolves.

Taxonomy

The gray wolf is a member of the genus Canis, which comprises between 7 and 10 species. It is one of six species termed 'wolf', the others being the Red Wolf (Canis rufus), the Indian Wolf(Canis indica), the Himalayan Wolf (Canis himalayaensis), the Eastern Wolf (Canis lycaon) and the Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), although concerning a couple of these there is still some uncertainty as to whether they should be considered subspecies of Canis lupus or species in their own right. Recent genetic research suggests that the Indian Wolf, originally considered only as a subpopulation of the Iranian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), represents a distinct species (Canis indica). Similar results were obtained for the Himalayan wolf, which is traditionally placed into the Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus laniger) ^[71].

With respect to common names, spelling differences result in the alternative spelling grey wolf. As the first-named and most widespread of species termed "wolf", gray wolves are often simply referred to as wolves. It was one of the many species originally described by Carolus Linnaeus in his eighteenth-century work, Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original classification, Canis lupus.^[72] The binomial name is derived from the Latin Canis, meaning "dog", and lupus, "wolf".^[73]

Desert dwelling grey wolf subspecies, such as this Arabian wolf, tend to be smaller than their more northern cousins.

Classifying gray wolf subspecies can be challenging. Although scientists have proposed a host of subspecies, wolf taxonomy at this level remains controversial.^[74] Indeed, only a single wolf species may exist. Taxonomic modification will likely continue for years to come.

Current theories propose that the gray wolf first evolved in Eurasia during the early Pleistocene. The rate of changes observed in DNA sequence date the Asiatic lineage to about 800,000 years, as opposed to the American and European lineages which stretch back only 150,000.^[75] The gray wolf migrated into North America from the Old World, probably via the Bering land bridge, around 400,000 years ago. However, they did not become widespread until 12,000 years ago, when the native American megafauna began dying out. It is thought by certain experts that the wolf's Eurasian origin could account for it's relative inability to modify it's behaviour in light of human encroachment, compared to native American predators like black bears, cougars and coyotes which were under greater predation pressure from larger, now extinct predators.^[76]Dire Wolf (Canis dirus). Although more heavily built and possessing a stronger bite, the dire wolf's dentition was less adept at crushing bones as the grey wolf was.^[20] The Dire Wolf ranged from southern Canada to South America until about 8,000 years ago when climate changes are thought to have caused it to become extinct. After that the gray wolf is thought to have become the prime canine predator in North America. The gray wolf then coexisted with the

Subspecies

Main article: Subspecies of Canis lupus

At one point, up to 50 gray wolf subspecies were recognized. Though no true consensus has been reached, this list can be condensed to 13–15 general extant subspecies. Modern classifications take into account the DNA, anatomy, distribution, and migration of various wolf colonies. As of 2005, 37 subspecies are currently described, including the dingo and the domestic dog.^[77]

Relation to the dog

Main article: Origin of the domestic dog

Much debate has centered on the relationship between the wolf and the domestic dog, though most authorities see the wolf as the dog's direct ancestor. Because the canids have evolved recently and different canids interbreed readily, untangling the relationships has been difficult. However, molecular systematics now indicate very strongly that domestic dogs and wolves are closely related, and the domestic dog is now normally classified as a subspecies of the wolf: Canis lupus familiaris. All skeletal dog remains found from the upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods are from relatively small specimens, therefore pointing to either the Arabian or Iranian wolf as the most likely progenitor.^[78] North American domestic dogs are believed to have originated from Old World wolves. No known dog breed is derived from wolves indigenous to North America. The first people to colonize North America 12,000 to 14,000 years ago brought their dogs with them from Asia, and apparently did not separately domesticate the wolves they found in the New World (that is, in the Americas).^[79]

The domestication of wolves may have occurred as a side effect when primitive humans disposed of waste in landfills close to their settlements, attracting wolves to easy meals. Natural selection^[14] favoured wolves which were less prone to fleeing upon seeing approaching humans; physical changes quickly appeared in subsequent generations, namely a reduction in head and tooth size, as the abundance of easily acquired food made the hunting of large game unnecessary.

Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 10% smaller brains, as well as proportionately smaller teeth than other canid species.^[14] The premolars and molarstympanic bulla is much smaller than in wolves.^[78] Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's diet of human refuse in antiquity made the large brains and jaw muscles needed for hunting unnecessary. It is thought by certain experts that the dog's limp ears are a result of atrophy of the jaw muscles.^[14] The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves.^[8] Dogs are not monogamous, and breeding in feral packs is not restricted to a dominant breeding pair. Male dogs differ from male wolves by the fact that they play no role in raising their puppies, and do not kill the young of other females to increase their own reproductive success.^[18] Dogs differ also from wolves by the fact that they do not regurgitate food for their young, nor the young of other dogs in the same territory.^[14] of dogs are much more crowded. Dog's teeth also have less complex cusp patterns, and their

Interspecific hybridization

Main article: Canid hybrid

A wolf-dog hybrid with malamute ancestry

Wolves can interbreed with domestic dogs and produce fertile offspring. Wolf-dog hybrids are generally said to be naturally healthy animals, and are affected by less inherited diseases than most breeds of dog. Wolfdogs are usually healthier than either parent due to heterosis.^[80]National Wolfdog Alliance, 40 U.S. states effectively forbid the ownership, breeding and importation of wolfdogs, while others impose some form of regulation upon ownership.^[81] Most European nations, as well as many U.S. counties and municipalities, also either outlaw the animal entirely or put restrictions on ownership.^[82]. Although wolves in the wild will usually kill dogs, matings of dogs and wild wolves has been confirmed in some populations through genetic testing. As the survival of most Continental wolf packs is severely threatened, scientists fear that the creation of wolf-dog hybrid populations in the wild is a threat to the continued existence of some isolated wolf populations. Hybridization in the wild usually occurs near human habitations where wolf density is low and dogs are common. However, extensive wolf-dog hybridization is not supported by morphological evidence, and analyses of mtDNA sequences have revealed that such matings are rare.^[9] In some cases, the presence of dewclaws is considered a useful, but not absolute indicator of dog gene contamination in wild wolves. Dewclaws are the vestigial fifth toes of the hind legs common in domestic dogs but thought absent from pure wolves, which only have four hind toes.^[12] Observations on wild wolf hybrids in the former Soviet Union indicate that wolf hybrids in a wild state may form larger packs than pure wolves, and have greater endurance when chasing prey.^[7] According to the

The Red Wolf has been shown through various genetic testing techniques to be a wolf/coyote hybrid^[83]

Wolves and coyotes can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, a fact which calls into question their status as two separate species.^[84] The offspring, known as a coywolf, is generally intermediate in size to both parents, being larger than a pure coyote, but smaller than a pure wolf. A study showed that of 100 coyotes collected in Maine, 22 had half or more wolf ancestry, and one was 89 percent wolf. A theory has been proposed that the large eastern coyotes in Canada are actually hybrids of the smaller western coyotes and wolves that met and mated decades ago as the coyotes moved toward New England from their earlier western ranges.^[85]Red Wolf is thought by certain scientists to be in fact a wolf/coyote hybrid rather than a unique species. Strong evidence for hybridization was found through genetic testing which showed that red wolves have only 5% of their alleles unique from either grey wolves or coyotes. Genetic distance calculations have indicated that red wolves are intermediate between coyotes and grey wolves, and that they bear great similarity to wolf/coyote hybrids in southern Quebec and Minnesota. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA showed that existing Red Wolf populations are predominantly coyote in origin.^[83] The

Current status

Main article: List of grey wolf populations by country

Though once abundant over much of North America and Eurasia, the gray wolf inhabits a very small portion of its former range because of widespread destruction of its habitat, human encroachment of its habitat, and the resulting human-wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation. Considered as a whole, however, the gray wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today, wolves are protected in some areas, hunted for sport in others, or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to livestock and pets.

Wolves tend to have difficulty adapting to change, and are often referred to as an indicator species; a species delineating an ecoregion or indicating an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak, pollution, species competition or climate change. Wolves do not seem to be able to adapt as readily to expanding civilisation the way coyotes do. While human expansion has seen an increase in the latters numbers, it has caused a drop in those of the former.^[14]

Relationships with humans

Humans historically have had a complex relationship with wolves. In many parts of the world, wolves were respected and revered, while in others they were feared and held in distaste. The latter viewpoint was notably accentuated in European folklore beginning in the Christian era, though wolves did feature as heraldic animals on the Arms and crests of numerous noble families. Many languages have names meaning "wolf", examples including: Scandinavian Ulf, Albanian "Ujk", Hebrew Ze'ev, Hungarian Farkas, Serbian Vuk, Ukrainian Vovk, RomanianLupu, Lupescu/Lupulescu and Bulgarian Vǎlko. Wolves also figure prominently in proverbs. Many Chinese proverbs use wolves as a description towards any ill-willed person with a hidden agenda like Wolf hearted (狼子野心) which could also connote to the impossibility of taming bad people, while Wolf heart; dog lungs (狼心狗肺) refers to an ungrateful person who later betrays someone who previously helped them. The Kazakh language has up to 20 proverbs referring to wolves, while the Russian language has 253.^[7]

In folklore and mythology

Main article: Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology

Romulus and RemusShe-wolfPeter Paul RubensRome, Capitoline Museums) nursed by the by (

In Altaic mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, the wolf is a revered animal (in Turkish Börü or Kurt). The shamanic Turkic peoples even believed they were descendants of wolves in Turkic legends. The legend of Asena is an old Turkic myth that tells of how the Turkic people were created. In Northern China a small Turkic village was raided by Chinese soldiers, but one small baby was left behind. An old she-wolf with a sky-blue mane named Asena found the baby and nursed him, then the she-wolf gave birth to half wolf, half human cubs therefore the Turkic people were born. Also in Turkic mythology it is believed that a gray wolf showed the Turks the way out of their legendary homeland Ergenekon, which allowed them to spread and conquer their neighbours.^[86][87] In modern Turkey this myth inspired extreme-right nationalist groups known as "Grey Wolves".

The genesis story of the Turks and Mongols is paralleled in the Roman myth of Romulus and Remus, the traditional founders of Rome. The twin babies were ordered to be killed by their great uncle Amulius. The servant ordered to kill them, however, relented and placed the two on the banks of the Tiber river. The river, which was in flood, rose and gently carried the cradle and the twins downstream, where under the protection of the river deity Tiberinus, they would be adopted by a she-wolf known as Lupa in Latin, an animal sacred to Mars.

In Norse mythology, Fenrir or Fenrisulfr is a gigantic wolf, the son of Loki and the giantess Angrboða. Fenrir is bound by the gods, but is ultimately destined to grow too large for his bonds and devour Odin during the course of Ragnarök. At that time he will have grown so large that his upper jaw touches the sky while his lower touches the earth when he gapes. He will be slain by Odin's son, Viðarr, who will either stab him in the heart or rip his jaws asunder according to different accounts.

The Bible contains 13 references to wolves, usually as metaphors for greed and destructiveness. In the New Testament, Jesus is quoted to have used wolves as illustrations to the dangers His followers would have faced should they follow him (Matthew 10:16, Acts 10:29, Matthew 7:15)^[88]

In the medieval Russian folktale Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf (also known as Ivan Tsarevich and the Firebird or The Firebird), the grey wolf is a benevolent character who assists Ivan on his quest, using his knowledge and magical powers.

In Japan, grain farmers once worshiped wolves at shrines and left food offerings near their dens, beseeching them to protect their crops from wild boars and deer. Talismans and charms adorned with images of wolves protected against fire, disease, and other calamities and brought fertility to agrarian communities and to couples hoping to have children. The Ainu people believed that they were born from the union of a wolflike creature and a goddess.^[47]

Wolves also figure prominently in the folklore and mythology of some Native American tribes. In the Cardinal directions of the Plains Indians, the wolf represented the west, while for the Pawnee, it represented the southeast. According to the Pawnee creation myth, the wolf was the first creature to experience death. The Wolf Star (Sirius), enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the Earth should be made, sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of The Storm that Comes out of the West, which contained the first humans. Upon being freed from the bag, the humans killed the wolf, thus bringing death into the world. The Pawnee, being both an agricultural and hunting people, associated the wolf with both corn and the bison; the "birth" and "death" of the Wolf Star was to them a reflection of the wolf's coming and going down the path of the Milky Way known as Wolf Road. Wolves however were not always portrayed positively in Native American cultures. The Netsilik Inuit and Takanaluk-arnaluk believed that the sea-woman Nuliayuk's home was guarded by wolves. The Naskapi's believed that the caribouNavajo people feared witches in wolf's clothing called "Mai-cob".^[8] afterlife is guarded by giant wolves which kill careless hunters venturing too near. The

Attacks on humans

Main article: Wolf attacks on humans

One of four photographs taken by Chris van Gelder of Todd Svarchopf fending off an aggressive wolf on November 4th 2005, four days before the Kenton Joel Carnegie wolf attack

Wild wolves are generally timid around humans, though overall, how they react to people generally depends on prior experiences with humans^[9] rather than inherent behaviour.^[76][50], though there are several reported circumstances (provocation, habituation, rabies, mistaken identity, teaching cubs how to hunt, hybridization with dogs and seasonal prey scarcity), in which wolves have been recorded to act aggressively toward humans.^[31][89] However, compared to other carnivorous mammals known to attack humans, the frequency with which wolves have been recorded to kill people is rather low, indicating that though potentially dangerous, wolves are among the least threatening for their size and predatory potential.^[31] Wolf attacks were an occasional but widespread feature of life in pre-20th century Europe. The case of the Beast of Gévaudan is considered by some historians to be among the most well documented incidents of European wolf attacks.^[90] There are numerous documented accounts of wolf attacks in the Asian continent, with three Indian states reporting a large number of non-rabid attacks in recent decades. These attacks were well documented by trained biologists.^[31][91] North America has fewer cases of wolf attacks than Europe and Asia, though more aggressive encounters have been recorded as humans begin to encroach on wolf habitat more. Retired wolf biologist Mark McNay compiled 80 events in Alaska and Canada where wolves closely approached or attacked people, finding 39 cases of aggression by apparently healthy wolves, and 29 cases of fearless behavior by nonaggressive wolves.^[92] When they have sufficient habitat, food, and are occasionally hunted, wolves will usually try to avoid contact with people, to the point of even abandoning their kills when an approaching human is detected

Livestock and pet predation

Waiting for a Chinook, by C.M. Russell, depicting wolves harassing a steer.

Wolf depredations on livestock tend to increase in September and October when females teach their cubs how to hunt. Wolves usually attack livestock when they are grazing, though it is not uncommon for some wolves to break into fenced enclosures.^[7] Sheep are the most frequently recorded victims in Europe, in India it is goats, in Mongolia it is horses, while North American records show wolves having a greater tendency to attack cattle and turkeys.^[9] Wolves usually disregard size or age on medium sized prey such as sheep and goats.^[93] According to Theodore Roosevelt, the small wolves of the Southern Plains rarely attack full grown cattle or steers, preferring instead young or sick animals, while the large wolves of the northern Rockies can kill fully grown steers unaided.^[94] Injuries may include a crushed skull, severed spine, disembowelment and massive tissue damage. Wolves will also kill sheep by attacking the throat, similar to the manner in which coyotes kill sheep. Wolf kills can be distinguished from coyote kills by the far greater damage to the underlying tissue. Surplus killing often occurs when within the confines of human made livestock shelters.^[93] One specimen known as the "Aquila Wolf" in Arizona was known to have killed 65 sheep in one night and 40 at another time.^[52] Sometimes, the animals survive, but are left with severe mutilations, sometimes warranting euthanasia.^[52]barbed wire fences upon hearing wolves, or refusing to go out into pastures, causing severe weight loss.^[7] Animals severely injured by wolves often appear dazed and are reluctant to move due to the deep pain.^[93] It is often difficult to confirm kills, seeing as wolves often eat all of the animal they have killed if it is below the size of a calf.^[52] Some non- or less-lethal methods of protecting livestock from wolves have been under development for the past decade. Such methods include rubber ammunition and use of guard animals.^[95] Recorded wolf howls have also been shown to be effective in at least one incident.^[21] Livestock with prior experience of a wolf attack may develop behavioural problems, with some animals having been reported to run through

The extent of livestock losses to wolves vary regionally; from being statistically insignificant, to having critical effects on local economies. In North America, loss of livestock by wolves makes up only a small percentage of total losses. In the United States, wolf predation is low compared to other human or animal sources of livestock loss.^[96] Since the state of Montana began recording livestock losses due to wolves back in 1987, only 1,200 sheep and cattle have been killed. 1,200 killings in twenty years is not very significant when in the greater Yellowstone region 8,300 cattle and 13,000 sheep die from natural causes. According to the International Wolf Center, a Minnesota-based organization:

To put depredation in perspective, in 1986 the wolf population was at about 1,300–1,400, there were an estimated 232,000 cattle and 16,000 sheep in Minnesota's wolf range. During that year 26 cattle, about 0.01% of the cattle available, and 13 sheep, around 0.08% of the sheep available, were verified as being killed by wolves. Similarly, in 1996 an estimated 68,000 households owned dogs in wolf range and only 10, approximately 0.00015% of the households, experienced wolf depredation.

– Wolf Depredation, International Wolf Center, Teaching the World about Wolves^[97]

Furthermore, Jim Dutcher, a film maker who raised a captive wolf pack observed that wolves are very reluctant to try meat that they have not eaten or seen another wolf eat before possibly explaining why livestock depredation is unlikely except in cases of desperation.^[98]

The results however differ in Eurasia. Greece for example reports that between April 1989 and June 1991, 21000 sheep and goats plus 2729 cattle were killed. In 1998 it was 5894 sheep and goats, 880 cattle and very few horses. ^[58] A study on livestock predation taken in Tibet showed that the wolf was the most prominent predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock losses, followed by the snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Goats were the most frequent victims (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horses (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance.^[99] In 1987, Kazakhstan^[7] reported over 150,000 domestic livestock losses to wolves, with 200,000 being reported a year later.

In some areas, dogs are a major food source for wolves. Reports from Croatia indicate that dogs are killed more frequently than sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock.^[9] Some wolf pairs have been reported to predate on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush.^[7] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to an extent where they have to be beaten off or killed.^[100] Specially bred Livestock guardian dogs have been used to repell wolves from pastures, though their primary function has more to do with intimidating the wolves rather than fighting them.^[101]

Wolf hunting

Main article: Wolf hunting

A 19th century painting depicting the conclusion of a wolf hunt

Wolves are usually hunted for sport, for their skins, to protect livestock, and in some rare cases to protect humans. Historically, the hunting of wolves was a huge, capital and manpower intensive operation, requiring miles of netting, specialized net-carts and big drying sheds for storing and drying nets. The threat wolves posed to both livestock and people was significant enough to warrant the conscription of whole villages under threat of punishment, despite the disruption of economic activities and reduced taxes.^[76] Some cultures, such as the Apache, would hunt wolves as a rite of passage.^[102] Wolves are usually hunted in heavy brush and are considered especially challenging to hunt, due to their elusive nature and sharp senses.^[103]cougars, and being far more problematic to dispatch with poison, traps or hounds. Wolves though generally do not defend themselves as effectively as cougars or bears.^[94] Some wolves will evade capture for very long periods of time and display great cunning. One specimen nicknamed "Three Toes of Harding County" in South Dakota eluded its pursuers for 13 years before finally being caught.^[52] Another wolf nicknamed "Rags the digger" near Meeker, Colorado would deliberately ruin trap lines by digging up traps without tripping them.^[104] In Sport hunting, wolves are usually taken in late Autumn and early Winter, when their pelts are of the highest quality and because the heavy snow makes it easier for the wolves to be tracked.^[103] Wolves have occasionally been hunted for food, the meat having been variously described as being tough^[47] and tasting like chicken.^[105] Wolves are notoriously shy and difficult to kill, having been stated to be almost as hard to still hunt as

The hunting of grey wolves, while originally actively endorsed in many countries, has become a controversial issue in some nations. Opponents see it as cruel, unnecessary and based on misconceptions, while proponents argue that it is vital for the conservation of game herds and as pest control.^[106]

Reintroduction

Main article: Wolf reintroduction

North America

Gray wolf endangered species sheet

In North America, debate about wolf reintroduction is ongoing and often heated, both where reintroduction is being considered and where it has already occurred. Where wolves have been successfully reintroduced, as in the greater Yellowstone area and Idaho, reintroduction opponents continue to cite livestock predation, surplus killing, and economic hardships caused by wolves.^[107] Opponents in prospective areas echo these same concerns. These reintroductions were the culmination of over two decades of research and debate. Ultimately, the economic concerns of the local ranching industry were dealt with when Defenders of Wildlife decided to establish a fund that would compensate ranchers for livestock lost to wolves, shifting the economic burden from industry to the wolf proponents themselves.^[108] As of 2005, there are over 450 Mackenzie Valley wolves in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and over 1,000 in Idaho. Both populations have long since met their recovery goals. Lessons learned from this ordeal may yet prove useful where wolf reintroduction continues to create a sharp divide between industry and environmental interests, as it has in Arizona (where the Mexican Wolf was released beginning in 1998).

Proponents claim that the food chain within the Yellowstone ecosystem has been re-ordered to deliver a banquet that favors a more varied array of species. Prior to wolf reintroduction, high numbers of elk were believed to be linked to reductions in aspen and willow communities, which negatively affected beaver and moose. Pre-wolf coyote numbers were much larger, affecting small rodent populations, foxes, and the production of pronghorn antelope. Scavengers had slimmer pickings. Today, with wolves taking elk, reducing their numbers, and leaving more carcasses on the landscape, grizzlies and wolverines have easier access to more meat, meaning a better chance for larger litters of cubs and pups. Coyote numbers have been significantly reduced, meaning more mice and pocket gophers for foxes and avian predators like hawks and eagles.^[109]

Opponents argue that the Yellowstone reintroductions were unnecessary, as American wolves were never in danger of biological extinction. Opponents have stated that wolves are of little commercial benefit, as cost estimates on wolf recovery are from $200,000 to $1 million per wolf. Tourism based on wolves is problematic, as wolves are elusive and very hard to spot; In 1996, less than 0.5% of visitors to Yellowstone ever saw a wolf. Hunters have also cited the possibility of large ungulate population drops in within the park due to wolf predation. National Park Service Biologist Wayne Brewster informed guides and outfitters living north of Yellowstone National Park, to expect a fifty percent (50%) drop in harvestable game when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.^[110] This was confirmed when in 2006, the Yellowstone elk herd had in fact shrunk to 50% since the mid 1990s. Two thirty day periods of tracking radio collared wolves showed that 77-97% of prey species documented by wolves in the park were elk. Outside the park, numerous hunting outfitters have been run out of business due to elk hunting opportunities being reduced by 90%.^[111] Although Defenders of Wildlife have established a $100,000 compensation program to reimburse ranchers in Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico and Arizona for losses caused by wolves, reintroduction opponents have argued that the program is nothing more than a publicity tool and is inadequate for addressing the problem of livestock loss to wolves, due to the fact that the programme has apparently unrealistic criteria in confirming wolf kills. This can be problematic, as wolves often leave little physical evidence of kills the size of lambs and small calves.^[110]

Native American attitudes toward wolf reintroductions varied. Although the Nez PerceApaches of the southwestern US and Kalispells of Washington opposed any reintroduction, as wolves held little spiritual significance in their cultures.^[9] welcomed the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, the

United Kingdom

The British Government signed conventions in the 1980s and 1990s agreeing to consider reintroducing wolves and to promote public awareness about them. Being party to European conventions, the British government is obliged to study the desirability of reintroducing extinct species and to consider reintroducing wolves. Although there are indications that wolves are recolonizing areas in Western Europe, they are unable to return to their former ranges in Britain without active human assistance. The Scottish Highlands are one of the few large areas in western Europe with a relatively small human population, thus ensuring that wolves would suffer little disturbance from human activity. One popular argument in favour of the reintroduction is that the Highlands' red deer populations have overgrown. A reintroduction of wolves would aid in keeping their numbers down, thus allowing native flora some respite. Other arguments include the generation of income and local employment in the Highlands through wolf-related ecotourism. This could replace the declining and uneconomical Highland sheep industry.

Wolves as pets and working animals

Many countries, states and local regions have specific regulations governing the acquisition and management of wolves. In Britain, the keeping of wolves is strictly controlled and a licence is needed to own one. In the United States, the keeping of pure wolves is prohibited by the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973. Despite this, there are an estimated 100,000 wolves illegally kept in captivity in the United States, with some surveys concluding that the number of captive wolves and hybrids could be as high as 2 million.^[9]

Raven, a former Ambassador wolf, greeting a visitor enthusiastically at Mission: Wolf

Captive wolf pups are usually taken from their mother at two weeks of age. Pups will typically develop behavioural problems if raised without another member of their own kind. Due to their wild nature, wolf cubs require more socialisation than dog puppies. Socialising cubs solely with humans runs the risk of the cubs devoting their attention to people rather than their own kind. Wolf pups typically stop responding to socialization at the age of 19 days, as opposed to dogs which can still be socialised at the age of 10 weeks.^[14] Due to the fact that wolf milk contains more arginine than can be found in puppy milk substitutes, an arginine supplement is needed when feeding pups below the weaning age. Failure to do so can result in the pups developing cataracts.^[9] As adults, wolves have been shown, most of the time, to be largely untrainable and unpredictable, and will sometimes display aggressive behaviour toward small animals and children. Captive wolves are generally shy and avoid eye contact with humans other than their owner, as well as not listening to any commands made by any other humans. They usually vacate rooms or hide when a new person enters the establishment.^[112] Ordinary pet food is inadequate, seeing as an adult wolf needs 1-2.5 kg (2-5 lbs) of quality meat daily along with bones, skin and fur to meet its nutritional requirements. The exercise needs of a wolf exceed the average dog's demand. Because of this, captive wolves typically do not cope well in urban areas. Due to their talent at observational learning, adult captive wolves can quickly work out how to escape confinement^[14], and need constant reminding that they are not the leader of their owner/caretaker, which makes raising wolves difficult for people who raise their pets in an even, rather than subordinate, environment. They will instinctively challenge their owner for pack status after reaching adult age. Some wildlife centres housing captive wolves prohibit handlers from entering wolf enclosures if they happen to have a cold or other vulnerability which the wolves can detect.^[113] According to the American Zoological Association, the minimum housing recommended for a large canid is an enclosure of 4m x 4m (12 x 12 ft), increased by 50% for each additional canid. To prevent the wolf jumping over the enclosure, fences are specified to be necessarily at least 2m (6 ft) high and needing an overhang at the top. An inside skirt buried below ground is also required to prevent tunnelling. Some pet wolves are euthanised or might be released into the wild where they are likely to starve or be killed by resident wolf packs in regions where they are still present. Abandoned or escaped captive wolves can be more destructive and pose a greater danger to humans and livestock than wild wolves, seeing as their habituation to humans causes them to lose their natural shyness.^[7] The Wolf of Gysinge is thought to have been one such animal.

Captive wolves have also been shown to be unsuitable for working as dogs do. German wolf biologist Erik Zimen once attempted to form a dog sled team composed entirely of pure wolves. The attempt proved to be a complete failure, as the wolves were far more prone to fighting than sled dogs and ignored most commands.^[14] North American wolves and wolf hybrids were used as experimental attack dogs by the South African Defence Force in Apartheid South Africa in an attempt to breed animals capable of tracking guerillas. However, the experiment proved a failure and was discontinued due to the wolves' inability to follow even basic commands.^[114][115]

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Wolfs

M'sia lost to China.........................Final sum more
China-M'sia: 21-12, 21-8 (score)
Read on9 haha....................Lee Chong Wei lost to Lin Dan!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:( *ish Too bad i did nt get 2 watch becoz i'm overseas........... i really wish all de channels here show all de events tat take place in 1 tat day........so u can choose which wan u wanna watch lo................I wish all de olympic channels all free so they can show all..........

sCHOOL Again!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :(

Sch is starting soon!!!!! :( SO BAD!!!! Mayb we'll go back 2 Kch next year!!!!!!!!!!!

HI guyz....... sry for late update AGAIN!!!! :) Haha......... heard tat UPSR 9th September. Too bad i'm over seas.......hehe..............get to skip UPSR!!! haha......Hope all of my frendz get 7A's!!!!! :) Wish u guyz gud luck n will pray for all of ya ppl!!! At least tat all i can do!! :) hehe......


>>>>> my character in maple. only lvl 26 i think coz gt no tym to play n i only start playing maple not long before i leave for overseas.


>>>>>>>>> I wanna play Maple!!!!!!!!!

Summer!!!

Sorry long time i didn't update my blog. But jux keep checking in case i do. I'll try 2 update my blog often. MY everyday life in summer jux bout the same. Wake-up, read, play com, eat, breathe, move, etc.............. Gonna be in 6 grade after summer. Summer is ending soon. I know sum of u still do nt know where iam now............hehe........ sry i do not post pictures of myself or other becoz of safety reasons. I'll really really try to go on9 more often. So hopefully u get to chat wif me if we on9 the same time. Btw, there is a time different between here n in M'sia. THe time different is 3 hours. THat's becoz we spring foward if nt we'll be 4 hours behind u guyz!!!!! The internet speed here really slow n sumtimes disconnect. NOw the speed is onli 48.0 kbps!!!! Really slow!! I wish i could go to Korea becoz the internet speed there is the fastest. I wish i could play Maple Global here bt my parents dun allow becoz when i play Maple Story in M'sia, the computer gets virus. And the internet speed here very very slow. But i really wanna play maple when i get back to M'sia. Probably we will be going back end of next year!!!! I will hav 2 celebrate my birthday here this year n maybe next year. WE hav a summer reading challenge in sch now. Trying to win..........Haha. Bt it's nt according 2 hu read the most books bt it's by drawing. So i'm trying to read as many books as i can so i hav more chances of winning!!!! Hehe:)
I miss so many ppls in M'sia. Expecially my dogs. Whne i get back M'sia, i wanna visit my cute doggie in the chicken farm. Nt my chicken farm la.............. MY dog gt gave away to a chicken farm owner becoz he was too fiece. So they wan him to guard their chicken farm. He bit my dad mayb bout 5 times. But he is a really gud watch dog n a playmate. I really hope he is still alive!!!!!! Bt after tat we gt another dog again. And we hav 2 leave her again coz we were goin overseas. But we left her wif my grandma. Hope she will be gud n still alive!!! :) So tat's it for now . Will try 2 update in a few days time again. CYA!!!!!

LOng time

did nt update my blog for a very very long time!!! Now is Summer Break!!!

sry guyzzzzzzz

i seldom update my blogger. becoz internet can't connect. so hav to go to de office.but can't evertime go coz got sch. so only can go once in a few weeks or mayba a week.

Can't Go Onlie!! Dial-Up So Slow. Always Disconet

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• DAP: Translate ceramah turnouts to votes

Gud Bye Kuching,KL,Sarawak,Malaysia,Everybody!!!!!!In A Few Years Time I Will Be Coming Back!!!!So,Wait For Me!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I Will MIss Everybody!!!So Sad!!!*sob**sob**sob**cry**cry**snift**snift*~WaAaAaAaAaAaAa~
I Hope Kevin And Darren Train Me N My Bro's Acc In Maple Sea And I Hope Tat Darren Will Train Both Our Char 2 The Same Lvl When We Come Back Accordingly 2 Wat He Promise Me N My Bro!!!Kevin Make Sure Darren Train Our Char And Darren Make Sure Kevin Train Our Char!!!

Today's News By The Star Online

• ‘Karaoke YB’ is back
• Close shave for tourists
• PAS calls for TV boycott
• It’s 10 for Barisan now
• Police rescue abducted man
• Suspected drug dealer shot
• Pressure at home forces independent to pull out
• SPM results – no date fixed yet
• Samy: Indians can count on MIC
• Extreme tactics to get Miri voters’ attention

I'm Goin Tonite At 11.30p.m. I Miss Everybody!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Plz Add Ur Self
My Guestbook and check my blog EVERDAY!!!!!!!!

SOooooooooooooooooo SAdddddddddddddddddddddd 2MoRo GoIn LiAW!!!!!!!!!!

TODAY'S NEWS:

Rape accused freed after court finds teen victim still a virgin Anwar reinvents himself again More accusations being hurled involving Po Kuan Three gang members shot dead Independent loses support of wife, brothers-in-laws DPM: Oil price to remain after polls Pak Lah: We’re realistic and responsible Selangor cops cripple Bumper Gang Two police constables accused of trying to solicit bribe Air quality drops further

I Miss ..................

-My Frends
-Maple Sea
-My Dogs
-Houz
-Kuching
-My GRANDMA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ............I mIzz Kuching

Goin Tomoro at 8 p.m. 2 KL 1st!!!!!!!! Sa Sad leave Kuching@@@@@@@@@@ I hope lots of ppl go 2 de airport 2 send me off@@@@@@@@@@@@@

I hate MOnday!!!! Happy Tuesday!! haha.........zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Monday in school so boring plus today we study in de dark coz de pr.6 no electricity@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ah!!!!!!!!!!errrrrrrrrrrr

Try See All De Maple Char Haha................

7 more dayz goin 2 KL until 27 Feb Then go sumwhere............... then coming back 2 kuching few years later........................... ( skip UPSR) :) Happy New Year Everbody!!!!! Will Mizz Ya All. specially De BK (Batu Kawa) Homegroup pplz.................... waa....................tIS yEAR nEW yEAr so quiet 1............. fireworks onli last for a while!! then i din't get 2 see any lion dance......... :'(

skipping UPSR!!! Goin
SUmwheRe